| Education | Arts and humanities | Social sciences, journalism and information | Business, administration and law | Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics | Information and communication technologies | Engineering, manufacturing and construction | Agriculture, forestry, fishing and veterinary medicine | Health and welfare | Services | ||
| Country | Year | Share (%) | |||||||||
Australia | 2015 | 9 | 11 | 7 | 34 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 19 | 1 |
2016 | 9 | 11 | 7 | 34 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 18 | 2 | |
2017 | 10 | 11 | 7 | 33 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 18 | 1 | |
2018 | 9 | 12 | 6 | 36 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 17 | 2 | |
2019 | 8 | 11 | 6 | 36 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 1 | 18 | 2 | |
2020 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 37 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 1 | 18 | 2 | |
2021 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 36 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 19 | 1 | |
2022 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 35 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 1 | 20 | 1 | |
Belgium | 2015 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
2016 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 22 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 2 | 27 | 2 | |
2017 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 22 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 2 | 28 | 1 | |
2018 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 21 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 2 | 30 | 1 | |
2019 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 22 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 2 | 28 | 1 | |
2020 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 23 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 2 | 26 | 1 | |
2021 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 22 | 4 | 3 | 12 | 2 | 26 | 1 | |
2022 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 23 | 4 | 3 | 12 | 2 | 27 | 1 | |
Chile | 2015 | 15 | 4 | 4 | 23 | 1 | 3 | 16 | 2 | 21 | 11 |
2016 | 15 | 3 | 4 | 24 | 1 | 3 | 16 | 2 | 21 | 10 | |
2017 | 15 | 3 | 4 | 24 | 1 | 3 | 16 | 2 | 22 | 10 | |
2018 | 14 | 3 | 4 | 25 | 1 | 3 | 17 | 2 | 22 | 9 | |
2019 | 15 | 3 | 4 | 26 | 1 | 3 | 16 | 2 | 21 | 8 | |
2020 | 16 | 3 | 5 | 29 | 1 | 3 | 17 | 2 | 17 | 6 | |
2021 | 15 | 3 | 5 | 26 | 1 | 3 | 16 | 2 | 23 | 6 | |
2022 | 12 | 3 | 5 | 26 | 2 | 3 | 16 | 2 | 24 | 6 | |
Costa Rica | 2015 | 22 | 3 | 5 | 39 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 16 | 2 |
2016 | 22 | 3 | 7 | 36 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 14 | 2 | |
2017 | 21 | 3 | 6 | 36 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 15 | 3 | |
2018 | 22 | 3 | 6 | 37 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 1 | 14 | 2 | |
2019 | 24 | 3 | 5 | 36 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 1 | 13 | 2 | |
2020 | 24 | 3 | 6 | 36 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 1 | 12 | 2 | |
2021 | 27 | 3 | 5 | 37 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 10 | 2 | |
2022 | 26 | 3 | 5 | 36 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 10 | 2 | |
Denmark | 2015 | 9 | 13 | 10 | 20 | 5 | 4 | 11 | 2 | 22 | 4 |
2016 | 6 | 13 | 11 | 25 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 1 | 20 | 3 | |
2017 | 6 | 12 | 10 | 25 | 5 | 5 | 11 | 1 | 21 | 4 | |
2018 | 5 | 12 | 10 | 26 | 5 | 5 | 12 | 1 | 21 | 3 | |
2019 | 5 | 11 | 10 | 25 | 6 | 5 | 12 | 1 | 20 | 4 | |
2020 | 5 | 11 | 10 | 26 | 5 | 5 | 12 | 1 | 21 | 3 | |
2021 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 25 | 6 | 6 | 12 | 1 | 20 | 3 | |
2022 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 26 | 6 | 6 | 13 | 1 | 21 | 3 | |
Germany | 2015 | 10 | 12 | 7 | 23 | 10 | 5 | 22 | 2 | 7 | 3 |
2016 | 10 | 12 | 7 | 23 | 9 | 5 | 22 | 2 | 7 | 3 | |
2017 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 23 | 9 | 5 | 22 | 2 | 7 | 2 | |
2018 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 23 | 9 | 5 | 21 | 2 | 7 | 2 | |
2019 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 25 | 8 | 5 | 24 | 2 | 7 | 3 | |
2020 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 26 | 8 | 5 | 23 | 2 | 7 | 3 | |
2021 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 26 | 8 | 5 | 22 | 2 | 8 | 3 | |
2022 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 25 | 8 | 5 | 23 | 2 | 8 | 3 | |
Estonia | 2015 | 8 | 12 | 9 | 25 | 7 | 5 | 14 | 2 | 12 | 6 |
2016 | 8 | 12 | 9 | 24 | 7 | 6 | 14 | 2 | 12 | 6 | |
2017 | 7 | 13 | 8 | 23 | 6 | 7 | 15 | 2 | 13 | 6 | |
2018 | 7 | 13 | 8 | 23 | 6 | 7 | 15 | 2 | 13 | 7 | |
2019 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 24 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 2 | 12 | 6 | |
2020 | 7 | 13 | 7 | 25 | 6 | 8 | 13 | 1 | 13 | 6 | |
2021 | 8 | 12 | 7 | 24 | 5 | 10 | 13 | 2 | 13 | 5 | |
2022 | 9 | 13 | 7 | 22 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 1 | 14 | 5 | |
Finland | 2015 | 7 | 13 | 7 | 18 | 5 | 7 | 17 | 2 | 19 | 5 |
2016 | 6 | 12 | 7 | 18 | 5 | 7 | 18 | 2 | 20 | 4 | |
2017 | 7 | 11 | 7 | 19 | 5 | 6 | 16 | 2 | 21 | 5 | |
2018 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 19 | 5 | 7 | 16 | 2 | 22 | 5 | |
2019 | 7 | 11 | 7 | 19 | 4 | 7 | 17 | 2 | 21 | 5 | |
2020 | 7 | 11 | 7 | 20 | 5 | 7 | 15 | 2 | 20 | 5 | |
2021 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 20 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 2 | 21 | 5 | |
2022 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 20 | 5 | 8 | 17 | 2 | 21 | 5 | |
France | 2015 | 3 | 9 | 8 | 34 | 7 | 3 | 15 | 2 | 16 | 3 |
2016 | 4 | 9 | 8 | 33 | 8 | 3 | 15 | 1 | 15 | 3 | |
2017 | 4 | 9 | 7 | 35 | 8 | 3 | 15 | 1 | 14 | 3 | |
2018 | 4 | 9 | 7 | 34 | 8 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 15 | 4 | |
2019 | 4 | 9 | 7 | 35 | 8 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 14 | 4 | |
2020 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 35 | 8 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 13 | 4 | |
2021 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 36 | 8 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 13 | 4 | |
2022 | 4 | 9 | 7 | 31 | 13 | 4 | 14 | 1 | 13 | 4 | |
Greece | 2015 | 7 | 14 | 11 | 20 | 9 | 3 | 18 | 3 | 12 | 3 |
2016 | 7 | 13 | 12 | 21 | 8 | 3 | 17 | 2 | 12 | 4 | |
2017 | 7 | 12 | 13 | 20 | 10 | 3 | 17 | 2 | 12 | 3 | |
2018 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 22 | 9 | 3 | 16 | 3 | 11 | 3 | |
2019 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 20 | 9 | 3 | 15 | 3 | 11 | 4 | |
2020 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 21 | 9 | 4 | 15 | 3 | 12 | 4 | |
2021 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 20 | 9 | 4 | 15 | 3 | 11 | 4 | |
2022 | 8 | 10 | 16 | 21 | 8 | 4 | 14 | 3 | 12 | 4 | |
Ireland | 2015 | 8 | 13 | 7 | 24 | 8 | 6 | 10 | 2 | 17 | 5 |
2016 | 6 | 14 | 6 | 25 | 8 | 7 | 10 | 2 | 17 | 5 | |
2017 | 9 | 12 | 6 | 25 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 1 | 17 | 5 | |
2018 | 9 | 12 | 6 | 27 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 17 | 4 | |
2019 | 9 | 11 | 6 | 26 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 1 | 17 | 4 | |
2020 | 9 | 10 | 6 | 27 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 1 | 16 | 4 | |
2021 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 27 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 1 | 17 | 5 | |
2022 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 26 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 1 | 18 | 4 | |
Iceland | 2015 | 14 | 12 | 16 | 23 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 14 | 3 |
2016 | 14 | 10 | 16 | 22 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 1 | 15 | 3 | |
2017 | 12 | 10 | 16 | 22 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 1 | 17 | 3 | |
2018 | 13 | 10 | 16 | 22 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 1 | 17 | 3 | |
2019 | 14 | 10 | 16 | 20 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 1 | 15 | 3 | |
2020 | 15 | 10 | 16 | 21 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 1 | 16 | 4 | |
2021 | 17 | 9 | 18 | 21 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 15 | 3 | |
2022 | 19 | 8 | 17 | 20 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 16 | 3 | |
Israel | 2015 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
2016 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2017 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2018 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2019 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2020 | 22 | 7 | 16 | 19 | 4 | 6 | 16 | 0 | 10 | 0 | |
2021 | 22 | 7 | 15 | 20 | 4 | 7 | 17 | 0 | 10 | 0 | |
2022 | 24 | 6 | 14 | 18 | 4 | 7 | 16 | 0 | 10 | 0 | |
Italy | 2015 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
2016 | 4 | 18 | 14 | 21 | 8 | 1 | 16 | 3 | 15 | 0 | |
2017 | 4 | 18 | 13 | 21 | 8 | 1 | 17 | 3 | 15 | 0 | |
2018 | 7 | 17 | 14 | 18 | 8 | 1 | 15 | 3 | 15 | 3 | |
2019 | 7 | 17 | 14 | 18 | 8 | 1 | 15 | 3 | 14 | 3 | |
2020 | 13 | 16 | 14 | 17 | 7 | 1 | 14 | 2 | 12 | 3 | |
2021 | 8 | 17 | 15 | 18 | 8 | 2 | 15 | 2 | 12 | 4 | |
2022 | 8 | 16 | 15 | 19 | 8 | 2 | 14 | 2 | 12 | 4 | |
Japan | 2015 | 9 | 15 | 8 | 20 | 3 | m | 18 | 3 | 15 | 8 |
2016 | 10 | 15 | 8 | 20 | 3 | m | 18 | 3 | 16 | 8 | |
2017 | 9 | 15 | 7 | 20 | 3 | m | 18 | 3 | 16 | 9 | |
2018 | 9 | 15 | 7 | 20 | 3 | m | 18 | 3 | 16 | 8 | |
2019 | 9 | 16 | 8 | 20 | 3 | m | 18 | 3 | 15 | 9 | |
2020 | 8 | 16 | 8 | 20 | 3 | m | 18 | 3 | 15 | 8 | |
2021 | 8 | 16 | 8 | 21 | 3 | m | 18 | 3 | 15 | 8 | |
2022 | 8 | 16 | 8 | 20 | 3 | m | 18 | 3 | 15 | 8 | |
Canada | 2015 | 6 | 11 | 16 | 26 | 7 | 3 | 12 | 2 | 15 | 3 |
2016 | 8 | 10 | 16 | 26 | 7 | 3 | 12 | 2 | 14 | 2 | |
2017 | 6 | 10 | 15 | 27 | 6 | 3 | 13 | 2 | 15 | 3 | |
2018 | 6 | 10 | 15 | 28 | 6 | 3 | 13 | 2 | 15 | 3 | |
2019 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 26 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 1 | 16 | 6 | |
2020 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 26 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 1 | 16 | 6 | |
2021 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 26 | 8 | 6 | 13 | 1 | 15 | 6 | |
2022 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 26 | 8 | 6 | 12 | 1 | 16 | 6 | |
Colombia | 2015 | 9 | 4 | 7 | 45 | 1 | 5 | 16 | 2 | 7 | 4 |
2016 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 46 | 1 | 5 | 17 | 2 | 7 | 3 | |
2017 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 46 | 1 | 5 | 17 | 2 | 6 | 4 | |
2018 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 46 | 1 | 5 | 17 | 2 | 6 | 4 | |
2019 | 9 | 3 | 9 | 42 | 2 | 3 | 19 | 2 | 6 | 4 | |
2020 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 42 | 2 | 3 | 18 | 2 | 6 | 4 | |
2021 | 8 | 3 | 10 | 42 | 2 | 4 | 18 | 2 | 6 | 4 | |
2022 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 42 | 2 | 4 | 18 | 2 | 6 | 5 | |
Latvia | 2015 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 32 | 4 | 4 | 13 | 2 | 14 | 8 |
2016 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 31 | 3 | 5 | 13 | 2 | 14 | 8 | |
2017 | 4 | 8 | 9 | 31 | 3 | 5 | 13 | 2 | 17 | 9 | |
2018 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 28 | 3 | 5 | 13 | 2 | 17 | 8 | |
2019 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 28 | 3 | 4 | 13 | 2 | 18 | 8 | |
2020 | 9 | 6 | 8 | 29 | 3 | 5 | 12 | 1 | 19 | 8 | |
2021 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 27 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 1 | 18 | 8 | |
2022 | 10 | 7 | 9 | 26 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 1 | 19 | 8 | |
Lithuania | 2015 | 7 | 8 | 12 | 32 | 4 | 2 | 17 | 2 | 14 | 2 |
2016 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 30 | 4 | 2 | 18 | 2 | 14 | 2 | |
2017 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 27 | 4 | 3 | 19 | 2 | 17 | 3 | |
2018 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 26 | 4 | 3 | 19 | 3 | 18 | 3 | |
2019 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 24 | 4 | 4 | 19 | 3 | 19 | 3 | |
2020 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 26 | 4 | 4 | 18 | 3 | 19 | 2 | |
2021 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 26 | 4 | 5 | 17 | 3 | 19 | 2 | |
2022 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 26 | 5 | 5 | 14 | 2 | 21 | 2 | |
Luxembourg | 2015 | 21 | 8 | 9 | 39 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
2016 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 40 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 2 | |
2017 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 44 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 7 | 3 | |
2018 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 42 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 1 | |
2019 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 42 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 6 | 2 | |
2020 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 37 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 7 | 0 | |
2021 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 47 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 1 | |
2022 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 40 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 0 | 6 | 1 | |
Mexico | 2015 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 34 | 3 | 2 | 23 | 2 | 10 | 1 |
2016 | 14 | 4 | 9 | 35 | 3 | 2 | 21 | 2 | 10 | 1 | |
2017 | 13 | 3 | 9 | 33 | 2 | 5 | 17 | 2 | 11 | 3 | |
2018 | 11 | 3 | 9 | 34 | 3 | 5 | 18 | 2 | 11 | 3 | |
2019 | 11 | 3 | 19 | 24 | 2 | 5 | 18 | 2 | 11 | 3 | |
2020 | 10 | 3 | 19 | 24 | 3 | 5 | 19 | 2 | 12 | 3 | |
2021 | 12 | 3 | 19 | 25 | 3 | 5 | 17 | 2 | 12 | 3 | |
2022 | 12 | 3 | 8 | 36 | 3 | 4 | 17 | 2 | 12 | 3 | |
New Zealand | 2015 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 25 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 15 | 5 |
2016 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 26 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 15 | 6 | |
2017 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 25 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 15 | 5 | |
2018 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 24 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 15 | 5 | |
2019 | 9 | 12 | 9 | 24 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 16 | 5 | |
2020 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 25 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 16 | 4 | |
2021 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 21 | 8 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 17 | 5 | |
2022 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 21 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 19 | 3 | |
Netherlands
1) | 2015 | 11 | 9 | 15 | 28 | 5 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 16 | 5 |
2016 | 10 | 9 | 15 | 29 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 16 | 5 | |
2017 | 10 | 9 | 14 | 28 | 6 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 17 | 5 | |
2018 | 10 | 9 | 14 | 28 | 6 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 17 | 5 | |
2019 | 9 | 9 | 14 | 28 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 1 | 16 | 5 | |
2020 | 9 | 8 | 14 | 28 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 15 | 5 | |
2021 | 8 | 8 | 14 | 28 | 7 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 16 | 5 | |
2022 | 8 | 8 | 16 | 28 | 6 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 15 | 5 | |
Norway | 2015 | 16 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 5 | 3 | 13 | 1 | 20 | 5 |
2016 | 17 | 8 | 11 | 16 | 5 | 3 | 13 | 1 | 21 | 6 | |
2017 | 16 | 8 | 10 | 19 | 5 | 4 | 14 | 1 | 19 | 5 | |
2018 | 16 | 8 | 11 | 17 | 5 | 4 | 13 | 1 | 20 | 5 | |
2019 | 17 | 8 | 11 | 16 | 5 | 4 | 12 | 1 | 20 | 5 | |
2020 | 16 | 9 | 12 | 17 | 5 | 5 | 12 | 1 | 19 | 5 | |
2021 | 14 | 9 | 12 | 17 | 5 | 6 | 12 | 1 | 19 | 5 | |
2022 | 15 | 9 | 12 | 18 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 1 | 20 | 5 | |
Austria | 2015 | 13 | 9 | 10 | 22 | 6 | 4 | 20 | 2 | 7 | 9 |
2016 | 12 | 7 | 11 | 22 | 6 | 4 | 21 | 2 | 7 | 8 | |
2017 | 13 | 8 | 9 | 23 | 6 | 4 | 20 | 2 | 7 | 8 | |
2018 | 12 | 8 | 7 | 24 | 6 | 4 | 21 | 2 | 8 | 8 | |
2019 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 24 | 6 | 4 | 21 | 2 | 9 | 8 | |
2020 | 12 | 7 | 8 | 24 | 6 | 4 | 21 | 1 | 9 | 8 | |
2021 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 23 | 6 | 5 | 20 | 2 | 10 | 7 | |
2022 | 12 | 7 | 7 | 24 | 6 | 5 | 20 | 1 | 10 | 7 | |
Poland | 2015 | 14 | 7 | 11 | 24 | 4 | 3 | 15 | 2 | 13 | 8 |
2016 | 14 | 7 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 3 | 16 | 1 | 13 | 7 | |
2017 | 13 | 7 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 2 | 13 | 8 | |
2018 | 15 | 7 | 9 | 24 | 3 | 4 | 15 | 2 | 15 | 7 | |
2019 | 13 | 7 | 9 | 24 | 3 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 17 | 7 | |
2020 | 13 | 7 | 9 | 26 | 3 | 4 | 13 | 2 | 16 | 8 | |
2021 | 11 | 8 | 10 | 27 | 3 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 16 | 8 | |
2022 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 28 | 3 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 15 | 8 | |
Portugal | 2015 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 19 | 6 | 1 | 21 | 2 | 19 | 6 |
2016 | 5 | 9 | 11 | 19 | 7 | 1 | 21 | 2 | 18 | 6 | |
2017 | 5 | 10 | 11 | 19 | 6 | 2 | 21 | 2 | 17 | 6 | |
2018 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 20 | 6 | 2 | 20 | 2 | 18 | 6 | |
2019 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 21 | 6 | 2 | 20 | 2 | 17 | 6 | |
2020 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 21 | 6 | 3 | 19 | 3 | 17 | 6 | |
2021 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 22 | 6 | 3 | 19 | 2 | 16 | 7 | |
2022 | 4 | 10 | 12 | 21 | 6 | 3 | 19 | 2 | 17 | 6 | |
Sweden | 2015 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 18 | 4 | 4 | 18 | 1 | 22 | 2 |
2016 | 12 | 6 | 13 | 17 | 5 | 4 | 18 | 1 | 22 | 2 | |
2017 | 12 | 6 | 12 | 16 | 4 | 4 | 19 | 1 | 23 | 2 | |
2018 | 13 | 6 | 12 | 16 | 4 | 4 | 18 | 1 | 23 | 2 | |
2019 | 13 | 6 | 12 | 16 | 4 | 4 | 19 | 1 | 22 | 2 | |
2020 | 14 | 6 | 12 | 16 | 4 | 5 | 18 | 1 | 22 | 2 | |
2021 | 13 | 6 | 13 | 17 | 4 | 6 | 19 | 1 | 20 | 2 | |
2022 | 13 | 6 | 12 | 16 | 4 | 7 | 18 | 1 | 21 | 3 | |
Switzerland | 2015 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 28 | 7 | 2 | 15 | 1 | 15 | 6 |
2016 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 29 | 7 | 2 | 16 | 2 | 15 | 5 | |
2017 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 29 | 7 | 2 | 16 | 1 | 16 | 6 | |
2018 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 28 | 7 | 3 | 16 | 1 | 15 | 5 | |
2019 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 28 | 7 | 3 | 16 | 1 | 16 | 5 | |
2020 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 27 | 7 | 3 | 16 | 1 | 17 | 5 | |
2021 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 28 | 7 | 3 | 15 | 1 | 17 | 5 | |
2022 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 27 | 7 | 3 | 15 | 1 | 17 | 6 | |
Slovakia | 2015 | 13 | 7 | 11 | 21 | 6 | 3 | 13 | 2 | 18 | 6 |
2016 | 13 | 7 | 12 | 20 | 6 | 3 | 12 | 2 | 18 | 6 | |
2017 | 13 | 8 | 12 | 20 | 6 | 3 | 12 | 2 | 18 | 6 | |
2018 | 14 | 8 | 12 | 20 | 6 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 17 | 6 | |
2019 | 13 | 8 | 11 | 21 | 6 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 17 | 6 | |
2020 | 14 | 8 | 10 | 20 | 5 | 4 | 13 | 2 | 17 | 7 | |
2021 | 14 | 8 | 10 | 20 | 5 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 17 | 7 | |
2022 | 14 | 8 | 10 | 20 | 5 | 5 | 12 | 2 | 18 | 7 | |
Slovenia | 2015 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 22 | 6 | 3 | 16 | 3 | 10 | 7 |
2016 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 23 | 5 | 3 | 17 | 3 | 8 | 7 | |
2017 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 20 | 6 | 4 | 17 | 2 | 12 | 7 | |
2018 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 20 | 7 | 4 | 17 | 3 | 12 | 8 | |
2019 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 18 | 6 | 4 | 18 | 3 | 13 | 9 | |
2020 | 11 | 8 | 10 | 19 | 7 | 4 | 18 | 2 | 12 | 9 | |
2021 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 17 | 2 | 13 | 8 | |
2022 | 10 | 7 | 10 | 18 | 7 | 5 | 18 | 3 | 13 | 8 | |
Spain | 2015 | 16 | 9 | 7 | 19 | 5 | 4 | 16 | 1 | 15 | 7 |
2016 | 17 | 9 | 7 | 19 | 5 | 4 | 15 | 1 | 16 | 7 | |
2017 | 16 | 9 | 7 | 19 | 5 | 4 | 14 | 1 | 16 | 7 | |
2018 | 17 | 9 | 7 | 19 | 5 | 4 | 13 | 1 | 17 | 8 | |
2019 | 16 | 9 | 7 | 19 | 5 | 4 | 13 | 1 | 17 | 8 | |
2020 | 17 | 9 | 8 | 19 | 5 | 4 | 12 | 1 | 17 | 8 | |
2021 | 16 | 9 | 7 | 19 | 5 | 5 | 12 | 1 | 18 | 8 | |
2022 | 16 | 9 | 8 | 19 | 5 | 5 | 11 | 1 | 19 | 8 | |
South Korea | 2015 | 7 | 17 | 5 | 15 | 4 | 5 | 20 | 1 | 15 | 10 |
2016 | 7 | 16 | 5 | 15 | 5 | 4 | 20 | 1 | 15 | 10 | |
2017 | 7 | 16 | 6 | 15 | 5 | 4 | 20 | 1 | 15 | 10 | |
2018 | 7 | 16 | 5 | 15 | 4 | 5 | 20 | 1 | 16 | 10 | |
2019 | 7 | 16 | 5 | 15 | 4 | 5 | 21 | 1 | 16 | 10 | |
2020 | 7 | 15 | 6 | 14 | 4 | 5 | 21 | 1 | 16 | 10 | |
2021 | 7 | 15 | 6 | 14 | 4 | 5 | 21 | 1 | 16 | 10 | |
2022 | 7 | 15 | 6 | 14 | 5 | 5 | 21 | 1 | 16 | 10 | |
Czech Republic | 2015 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 23 | 5 | 4 | 16 | 3 | 11 | 7 |
2016 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 22 | 5 | 4 | 16 | 3 | 12 | 7 | |
2017 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 21 | 5 | 5 | 16 | 3 | 12 | 8 | |
2018 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 20 | 6 | 5 | 15 | 3 | 12 | 7 | |
2019 | 13 | 9 | 10 | 19 | 6 | 5 | 15 | 3 | 12 | 7 | |
2020 | 12 | 9 | 11 | 19 | 6 | 5 | 15 | 3 | 13 | 7 | |
2021 | 13 | 9 | 11 | 19 | 6 | 6 | 14 | 3 | 13 | 7 | |
2022 | 14 | 9 | 10 | 19 | 6 | 5 | 13 | 3 | 14 | 7 | |
Turkey | 2015 | 10 | 11 | 8 | 38 | 4 | 2 | 13 | 2 | 8 | 4 |
2016 | 10 | 11 | 8 | 35 | 3 | 2 | 14 | 2 | 10 | 5 | |
2017 | 10 | 11 | 8 | 31 | 3 | 2 | 15 | 2 | 12 | 6 | |
2018 | 9 | 11 | 8 | 31 | 2 | 2 | 15 | 2 | 13 | 6 | |
2019 | 7 | 12 | 8 | 30 | 3 | 2 | 14 | 2 | 16 | 7 | |
2020 | 5 | 12 | 11 | 30 | 2 | 2 | 11 | 2 | 16 | 9 | |
2021 | 5 | 13 | 11 | 28 | 2 | 2 | 11 | 2 | 17 | 9 | |
2022 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 21 | 3 | 3 | 13 | 3 | 22 | 8 | |
Hungary | 2015 | 16 | 10 | 10 | 25 | 4 | 2 | 16 | 3 | 8 | 5 |
2016 | 17 | 10 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 4 | 14 | 3 | 8 | 5 | |
2017 | 16 | 9 | 10 | 25 | 4 | 4 | 15 | 4 | 8 | 5 | |
2018 | 14 | 9 | 10 | 26 | 4 | 5 | 14 | 4 | 9 | 5 | |
2019 | 15 | 9 | 10 | 25 | 4 | 5 | 15 | 4 | 8 | 5 | |
2020 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2021 | 14 | 9 | 11 | 25 | 3 | 6 | 14 | 3 | 8 | 6 | |
2022 | 13 | 8 | 12 | 26 | 4 | 7 | 14 | 3 | 9 | 5 | |
United Kingdom | 2015 | 10 | 15 | 12 | 22 | 13 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 13 | 0 |
2016 | 9 | 15 | 12 | 22 | 13 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 14 | 0 | |
2017 | 9 | 15 | 12 | 22 | 14 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 14 | 0 | |
2018 | 8 | 15 | 12 | 22 | 14 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 15 | 0 | |
2019 | 8 | 15 | 12 | 24 | 13 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 14 | 0 | |
2020 | 7 | 15 | 16 | 24 | 9 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 14 | 0 | |
2021 | 7 | 14 | 14 | 25 | 9 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 15 | 0 | |
2022 | 7 | 13 | 14 | 26 | 9 | 5 | 9 | 1 | 16 | 0 | |
United States | 2015 | 7 | 20 | 12 | 20 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 17 | 7 |
2016 | 7 | 20 | 12 | 19 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 17 | 6 | |
2017 | 7 | 19 | 12 | 19 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 17 | 6 | |
2018 | 6 | 19 | 12 | 19 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 17 | 6 | |
2019 | 6 | 19 | 12 | 19 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 17 | 6 | |
2020 | 6 | 18 | 13 | 19 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 19 | 4 | |
2021 | 7 | 17 | 13 | 19 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 20 | 4 | |
2022 | 7 | 17 | 13 | 19 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 20 | 4 | |
OECD average | 2015 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 26 | 5 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 14 | 5 |
2016 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 25 | 5 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 15 | 5 | |
2017 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 25 | 5 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 15 | 5 | |
2018 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 25 | 5 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 15 | 5 | |
2019 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 25 | 5 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 15 | 5 | |
2020 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 25 | 5 | 5 | 14 | 2 | 15 | 5 | |
2021 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 25 | 5 | 5 | 14 | 2 | 15 | 5 | |
2022 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 24 | 5 | 5 | 14 | 2 | 16 | 5 | |
EU25 average
2) | 2015 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 25 | 6 | 4 | 15 | 2 | 13 | 5 |
2016 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 25 | 6 | 4 | 15 | 2 | 14 | 5 | |
2017 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 25 | 6 | 4 | 15 | 2 | 15 | 5 | |
2018 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 24 | 6 | 4 | 15 | 2 | 15 | 5 | |
2019 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 24 | 6 | 4 | 15 | 2 | 15 | 5 | |
2020 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 24 | 6 | 5 | 15 | 2 | 15 | 5 | |
2021 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 25 | 6 | 5 | 14 | 2 | 15 | 5 | |
2022 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 24 | 6 | 5 | 14 | 2 | 15 | 5 | |
Brazil | 2015 | 20 | 3 | 4 | 37 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 14 | 4 |
2016 | 20 | 3 | 4 | 36 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 14 | 4 | |
2017 | 20 | 3 | 5 | 33 | 3 | 3 | 12 | 3 | 15 | 3 | |
2018 | 19 | 3 | 5 | 32 | 2 | 3 | 13 | 3 | 16 | 3 | |
2019 | 20 | 3 | 5 | 32 | 2 | 3 | 13 | 3 | 16 | 3 | |
2020 | 19 | 3 | 5 | 34 | 2 | 4 | 12 | 3 | 17 | 3 | |
2021 | 21 | 3 | 5 | 32 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 3 | 18 | 3 | |
2022 | 20 | 3 | 5 | 30 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 3 | 19 | 4 | |
Bulgaria | 2015 | 8 | 7 | 16 | 34 | 4 | 3 | 14 | 2 | 7 | 6 |
2016 | 9 | 7 | 15 | 34 | 3 | 3 | 13 | 2 | 7 | 6 | |
2017 | 9 | 7 | 13 | 33 | 3 | 4 | 13 | 2 | 8 | 8 | |
2018 | 9 | 7 | 13 | 32 | 3 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 9 | 8 | |
2019 | 10 | 7 | 13 | 31 | 3 | 4 | 13 | 2 | 10 | 8 | |
2020 | 13 | 7 | 12 | 28 | 3 | 5 | 12 | 2 | 11 | 8 | |
2021 | 14 | 7 | 11 | 27 | 3 | 5 | 12 | 2 | 11 | 8 | |
2022 | 14 | 7 | 11 | 27 | 3 | 5 | 12 | 2 | 11 | 8 | |
Croatia | 2015 | 4 | 10 | 8 | 31 | 5 | 4 | 15 | 4 | 10 | 8 |
2016 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 31 | 5 | 5 | 16 | 4 | 10 | 7 | |
2017 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 30 | 5 | 6 | 16 | 4 | 10 | 7 | |
2018 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 25 | 5 | 4 | 17 | 4 | 12 | 10 | |
2019 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 23 | 5 | 4 | 18 | 4 | 12 | 10 | |
2020 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 22 | 5 | 5 | 18 | 3 | 12 | 9 | |
2021 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 22 | 5 | 5 | 18 | 3 | 13 | 10 | |
2022 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 21 | 5 | 5 | 18 | 3 | 14 | 9 | |
Peru | 2015 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
2016 | 7 | 2 | 8 | 27 | 1 | 5 | 13 | 2 | 13 | 2 | |
2017 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 24 | 1 | 4 | 17 | 2 | 13 | 2 | |
2018 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2019 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2020 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2021 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2022 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Romania | 2015 | 4 | 9 | 9 | 30 | 6 | 5 | 17 | 4 | 11 | 5 |
2016 | 4 | 10 | 9 | 28 | 6 | 5 | 18 | 4 | 10 | 5 | |
2017 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 28 | 5 | 6 | 18 | 4 | 12 | 5 | |
2018 | 4 | 9 | 9 | 27 | 5 | 6 | 17 | 4 | 13 | 5 | |
2019 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 27 | 5 | 6 | 19 | 4 | 11 | 5 | |
2020 | 5 | 9 | 10 | 26 | 5 | 7 | 17 | 4 | 11 | 5 | |
2021 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 27 | 5 | 7 | 18 | 4 | 11 | 5 | |
2022 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 27 | 5 | 7 | 17 | 4 | 12 | 5 | |
Source: OECD, Data Explorer
Notes:
1) Until 2017, excludes doctoral graduates.
2) Average of 25 states of the European Union (only OECD countries, partners and/or accession countries of the OECD) after the United Kingdom left the EU. The data were calculated back for the entire time series.
m = data not available.
Last update: September 11, 2024
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