Notes:
1) Personnel with main occupation at private and public higher education institutions (excluding interns and apprentices). Part-time employees were converted to full-time equivalents using a standard factor of 0.5.
2) Including central institutions of university clinics.
3) As of 2015, changes of the classification of scientific branches and fields: engineering includes informatics. Increases in higher education are partly methodologically conditioned by the recalculation of R&D coefficients from 2016 onwards.
4) The R&D personnel was calculated in accordance with the procedure (R&D coefficients) agreed on by the Standing Conference of Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany (KMK), the German Council of Science and Humanities, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Federal Statistical Office. In accordance with international guidelines, personnel of central institutions are not included in R&D personnel figures.

- = no figures or magnitude zero.

Last update: January 28, 2025

This work is licensed under a Data licence Germany attribution 2.0.
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