| R&D personnel per 1,000 inhabitants | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1995 | 1997 | 1999 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| Federal Land | Number | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Baden-Württemberg | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 |
Bavaria | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
Berlin | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Brandenburg | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Bremen | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 |
Hamburg | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 |
Hesse | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Lower Saxony | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
North Rhine-Westphalia | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Rhineland-Palatinate | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
Saarland | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
Saxony | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Saxony-Anhalt | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Schleswig-Holstein | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Thuringia | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
Länder, total
2) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
Of which: Eastern German Länder and Berlin | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
Source: Federal Statistical Office, special evaluation; German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, calculations
Notes:
1) Data basis: R&D personnel in full-time equivalents (source: special evaluation of the Federal Statistical Office). In even years, the R&D personnel of the business enterprise sector is based on the regional distribution of the respective previous year. Annual average of the population based on 2011 Census, date of calculations August 2022/February 2023 (source: Working group Regional Accounts , Reihe 1, Länderergebnisse Band 1 ).
2) Includes personnel which can not be distributed to Länder.
Last update: July 12, 2023
This work is licensed under a Data licence Germany attribution 2.0.
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-2-0)
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-2-0)