| Germany 2) | Belgium | Denmark 3) | Finland | Israel 4) | Japan 5) | Austria 6) | Sweden 7) | Switzerland 8) | South Korea 9) | United Kingdom | United States 10) | ||
| Government expenditure on R&D | Year | Millions of US dollars | |||||||||||
1.a Total R&D expenditure
11) | 1981 | 8,793.9 | 590.4 | 247.5 | 267.0 | m | m | 409.2 | 1,069.1 | 280.8 | m | 6,656.8 | 33,735.0 |
1982 | 9,715.4 | 647.8 | 267.1 | 309.0 | m | m | 457.9 | 1,213.3 | m | m | 6,819.9 | 36,115.0 | |
1983 | 9,713.0 | 697.4 | 307.8 | 335.8 | m | m | 499.7 | 1,362.5 | 541.4 | m | 7,271.4 | 38,768.0 | |
1984 | 10,031.6 | 727.6 | 346.1 | 365.3 | m | m | 541.7 | 1,459.8 | m | m | 7,662.4 | 44,214.0 | |
1985 | 10,977.7 | 782.2 | 384.1 | 429.3 | m | m | 579.3 | 1,469.5 | m | m | 7,647.8 | 49,887.0 | |
1986 | 11,054.2 | 757.5 | 453.4 | 470.3 | m | m | 627.8 | 1,475.0 | 761.0 | m | 7,687.6 | 53,249.0 | |
1987 | 11,585.4 | 769.6 | 503.8 | 517.3 | m | m | 640.5 | 1,622.2 | m | m | 7,692.8 | 57,069.0 | |
1988 | 11,852.9 | 792.3 | 666.7 | 563.1 | m | 8,880.1 | 692.0 | 1,695.7 | 768.6 | m | 7,701.7 | 59,106.0 | |
1989 | 12,714.3 | 918.5 | 661.0 | 626.0 | m | 9,565.3 | 760.9 | 1,736.9 | 1,079.8 | m | 7,869.3 | 62,115.0 | |
1990 | 13,557.0 | 925.8 | 663.7 | 708.8 | m | 10,238.5 | 794.4 | 1,850.1 | 895.0 | m | 7,857.7 | 63,781.0 | |
1991 | 15,940.2 | 986.0 | 634.8 | 809.6 | m | 10,830.9 | 954.4 | 1,977.9 | m | m | 7,744.8 | 65,897.0 | |
1992 | 16,351.2 | 989.3 | 624.6 | 861.9 | m | 11,498.5 | 1,016.5 | 2,012.6 | 1,448.3 | m | 7,744.8 | 68,398.0 | |
1993 | 16,257.6 | 1,063.7 | 659.9 | 909.8 | 658.3 | 12,431.0 | 1,134.1 | 2,049.0 | m | m | 8,209.4 | 69,884.0 | |
1994 | 16,037.5 | 1,087.8 | 684.3 | 918.5 | 813.2 | 13,188.4 | 1,224.3 | 2,010.0 | 1,493.4 | m | 7,960.4 | 68,331.0 | |
1995 | 16,422.9 | 1,148.6 | 769.6 | 943.9 | 877.7 | 14,345.4 | 1,226.1 | 2,092.7 | m | m | 7,908.8 | 68,791.0 | |
1996 | 16,891.7 | 1,230.1 | 866.1 | 946.3 | 976.4 | 16,498.6 | 1,202.9 | 2,116.8 | 1,542.0 | m | 8,162.3 | 69,049.0 | |
1997 | 16,452.6 | 1,315.8 | 928.6 | 1,196.7 | 1,108.6 | 17,840.6 | 1,216.0 | m | m | m | 8,499.7 | 71,653.3 | |
1998 | 16,534.3 | 1,384.9 | 988.2 | 1,260.3 | 1,067.4 | 18,224.0 | 1,309.0 | 1,634.4 | 1,466.4 | m | 8,093.7 | 73,568.7 | |
1999 | 17,107.2 | 1,484.0 | 1,096.0 | 1,285.4 | 1,102.0 | 19,481.7 | 1,387.0 | 1,632.4 | m | 4,337.1 | 8,716.4 | 77,637.1 | |
2000 | 17,233.8 | 1,581.4 | 1,135.7 | 1,317.0 | 1,296.7 | 21,231.4 | 1,418.5 | 1,725.8 | 1,526.2 | 5,014.5 | 9,492.1 | 72,681.0 | |
2001 | 17,704.9 | 1,697.7 | 1,167.5 | 1,348.9 | 1,335.9 | 23,178.8 | 1,526.5 | 2,035.5 | m | 5,927.5 | 9,722.3 | 78,538.0 | |
2002 | 18,326.6 | 1,838.8 | 1,216.8 | 1,391.3 | 1,278.1 | 24,652.7 | 1,630.0 | 2,263.6 | 1,767.6 | 6,701.1 | 11,493.7 | 88,665.0 | |
2003 | 19,087.8 | 1,921.3 | 1,224.3 | 1,450.0 | 1,258.3 | 25,773.0 | 1,635.1 | 2,451.2 | m | 7,047.7 | 11,781.5 | 98,767.0 | |
2004 | 19,362.8 | 1,928.8 | 1,273.9 | 1,577.4 | 1,197.0 | 26,847.7 | 1,751.5 | 2,479.9 | 2,011.3 | 7,675.1 | 12,291.6 | 106,246.0 | |
2005 | 19,732.0 | 2,004.6 | 1,329.3 | 1,648.0 | 1,044.9 | 27,617.8 | 1,836.6 | 2,508.0 | m | 9,886.5 | 12,116.1 | 111,332.0 | |
2006 | 20,773.9 | 2,225.5 | 1,468.9 | 1,778.1 | 1,041.8 | 28,721.3 | 1,973.8 | 2,718.3 | 2,193.0 | 11,537.7 | 12,889.3 | 114,442.0 | |
2007 | 22,340.1 | 2,304.2 | 1,688.1 | 1,861.3 | 1,023.2 | 29,182.8 | 2,039.4 | 2,784.7 | m | 12,677.7 | 13,178.0 | 117,691.0 | |
2008 | 24,002.6 | 2,704.3 | 1,946.9 | 1,988.6 | 1,156.6 | 30,559.9 | 2,325.3 | 2,915.4 | 2,790.0 | 14,099.7 | 13,160.6 | 116,710.0 | |
2009 | 26,765.7 | 2,693.0 | 2,192.2 | 2,151.0 | 1,247.1 | 30,931.8 | 2,547.9 | 3,168.4 | m | 15,337.5 | 13,277.7 | 136,599.0 | |
2010 | 28,584.4 | 2,838.5 | 2,349.8 | 2,297.2 | 1,350.4 | 32,128.0 | 2,694.9 | 3,269.0 | 3,164.1 | 16,291.9 | 13,314.6 | 119,382.0 | |
2011 | 30,103.1 | 2,879.6 | 2,483.5 | 2,306.8 | 1,479.7 | 34,105.2 | 2,920.6 | 3,276.2 | m | 17,423.9 | 12,902.2 | 113,386.0 | |
2012 | 30,575.2 | 3,028.1 | 2,511.6 | 2,272.1 | 1,568.8 | 35,413.2 | 3,014.8 | 3,602.1 | 4,022.5 | 18,744.5 | 12,974.6 | 116,796.0 | |
2013 | 32,745.9 | 3,129.0 | 2,673.5 | 2,228.8 | 1,686.1 | 35,633.5 | 3,246.3 | 3,662.5 | m | 19,730.2 | 14,362.8 | 109,608.0 | |
2014 | 33,186.3 | 3,409.3 | 2,707.4 | 2,206.3 | 1,749.9 | 35,431.8 | 3,314.3 | 3,766.6 | 4,451.7 | 20,391.9 | 14,571.5 | 112,502.0 | |
2015 | 34,107.7 | 3,172.5 | 2,795.2 | 2,205.6 | 1,837.5 | 33,616.8 | 3,437.1 | 3,742.9 | 4,754.0 | 22,032.6 | 14,667.4 | 115,220.0 | |
2016 | 37,667.8 | 3,439.6 | 2,694.4 | 2,084.7 | 1,997.4 | 33,802.9 | 3,701.4 | 3,897.9 | m | 22,297.4 | 15,006.9 | 126,093.0 | |
2017 | 40,496.1 | 3,787.7 | 2,829.1 | 2,183.6 | 2,062.3 | 42,400.7 | 3,728.7 | 4,034.1 | 5,760.7 | 22,348.5 | 16,000.0 | 127,306.0 | |
2018 | 43,184.5 | 3,834.7 | 2,954.6 | 2,285.2 | 2,191.8 | 45,834.6 | 3,806.3 | 4,084.4 | 5,668.7 | 23,100.9 | 17,184.5 | 144,459.0 | |
2019 | 47,363.6 | 4,502.0 | 3,157.6 | 2,431.1 | 2,223.1 | 55,574.5 | 4,076.3 | 4,312.3 | 6,106.6 | 24,604.2 | 18,179.8 | 149,971.0 | |
2020 | 52,588.0 | 4,750.1 | 3,540.7 | 2,850.7 | 2,518.4 | 91,421.3 | 4,510.3 | 4,560.0 | 6,576.2 | 29,246.4 | 21,432.5 | 169,901.0 | |
2021 | 57,240.3 | 5,090.1 | 3,677.3 | 2,828.0 | 2,410.3 | 82,437.5 | 4,538.9 | 5,104.5 | 6,976.4 | 33,146.5 | 20,969.6 | 161,885.0 | |
2022 | 61,676.6 | 5,397.7 | 3,713.9 | 3,076.8 | 2,725.2 | 100,416.9 | 5,147.6 | 5,164.0 | 7,766.4 | 36,142.0 | 24,273.9 | 186,876.0 | |
2023 | 60,711.7 | 5,276.4 | 3,817.4 | 2,962.2 | 2,885.9 | 99,404.3 | 5,569.9 | 5,117.8 | 7,845.2 | 37,515.8 | m | 198,941.0 | |
2024 | 60,041.1 | m | m | m | m | m | 6,231.1 | 5,493.3 | m | m | m | 203,919.0 | |
1.b Civil R&D expenditure
11) | 1981 | 8,014.5 | 588.2 | 246.9 | 261.9 | m | m | 409.0 | 904.1 | 245.3 | m | 3,576.0 | 15,322.0 |
1982 | 8,886.7 | 645.6 | 266.5 | 303.0 | m | m | 457.8 | 985.7 | m | m | 3,742.8 | 14,045.0 | |
1983 | 8,780.0 | 689.5 | 307.0 | 329.3 | m | m | 499.5 | 1,070.8 | 495.0 | m | 3,850.3 | 13,832.0 | |
1984 | 9,030.9 | 717.1 | 343.6 | 358.2 | m | m | 541.5 | 1,133.2 | m | m | 3,954.8 | 14,927.0 | |
1985 | 9,668.1 | 770.3 | 382.1 | 421.8 | m | m | 579.1 | 1,116.6 | m | m | 4,139.8 | 16,189.0 | |
1986 | 9,715.0 | 745.4 | 451.4 | 462.6 | m | m | 627.7 | 1,092.4 | 680.8 | m | 4,218.7 | 16,323.0 | |
1987 | 10,116.9 | 761.4 | 501.9 | 508.7 | m | m | 640.4 | 1,201.6 | m | m | 4,177.4 | 17,917.0 | |
1988 | 10,383.6 | 787.0 | 664.1 | 554.3 | m | 8,452.1 | 692.0 | 1,288.9 | 676.7 | m | 4,349.4 | 19,007.0 | |
1989 | 11,088.0 | 914.4 | 658.3 | 616.0 | m | 9,074.9 | 760.8 | 1,308.1 | 984.3 | m | 4,352.2 | 21,450.0 | |
1990 | 11,730.4 | 921.4 | 660.9 | 698.4 | m | 9,682.7 | 794.1 | 1,413.2 | 791.5 | m | 4,440.8 | 23,856.0 | |
1991 | 14,189.5 | 983.7 | 630.9 | 798.1 | m | 10,214.8 | 954.2 | 1,437.5 | m | m | 4,342.1 | 26,569.0 | |
1992 | 14,710.7 | 987.0 | 620.8 | 848.8 | m | 10,814.4 | 1,016.4 | 1,523.0 | 1,382.2 | m | 4,586.4 | 28,315.0 | |
1993 | 14,872.5 | 1,061.5 | 655.8 | 890.6 | m | 11,678.5 | 1,134.1 | 1,567.7 | m | m | 4,762.0 | 28,635.0 | |
1994 | 14,664.2 | 1,085.5 | 679.8 | 899.2 | m | 12,401.1 | 1,224.1 | 1,630.4 | 1,406.1 | m | 4,865.4 | 30,567.0 | |
1995 | 14,935.3 | 1,144.2 | 764.8 | 924.3 | m | 13,458.7 | 1,226.0 | 1,655.7 | m | m | 5,018.8 | 31,587.0 | |
1996 | 15,211.3 | 1,223.7 | 861.2 | 927.0 | m | 15,528.4 | 1,202.8 | 1,674.7 | 1,483.7 | m | 5,156.4 | 31,248.0 | |
1997 | 14,877.4 | 1,308.6 | 923.3 | 1,178.2 | m | 16,798.8 | 1,216.0 | m | m | m | 5,237.7 | 32,061.8 | |
1998 | 15,086.4 | 1,378.2 | 982.7 | 1,243.1 | m | 17,357.4 | 1,308.9 | 1,515.0 | 1,409.0 | m | 5,180.7 | 33,745.5 | |
1999 | 15,682.5 | 1,478.0 | 1,090.3 | 1,267.8 | m | 18,577.4 | 1,387.0 | 1,512.4 | m | 3,365.1 | 5,482.4 | 36,331.5 | |
2000 | 15,890.8 | 1,576.4 | 1,129.8 | 1,299.9 | m | 20,351.7 | 1,418.2 | 1,603.0 | 1,515.7 | 3,984.4 | 6,108.2 | 40,420.0 | |
2001 | 16,399.6 | 1,693.8 | 1,161.8 | 1,327.9 | m | 22,183.1 | 1,526.3 | 1,737.7 | m | 4,989.5 | 6,751.7 | 45,303.0 | |
2002 | 17,326.6 | 1,833.0 | 1,210.6 | 1,369.4 | m | 23,654.8 | 1,630.0 | 1,774.4 | 1,758.0 | 5,681.3 | 7,522.3 | 49,326.0 | |
2003 | 17,842.6 | 1,914.7 | 1,210.6 | 1,408.4 | m | 24,620.8 | 1,635.1 | 1,943.6 | m | 6,036.4 | 7,927.1 | 51,818.0 | |
2004 | 18,231.7 | 1,921.9 | 1,258.1 | 1,541.4 | m | 25,467.3 | 1,751.3 | 2,067.1 | 2,001.3 | 6,710.7 | 8,536.7 | 55,926.0 | |
2005 | 18,597.0 | 1,999.3 | 1,319.8 | 1,593.5 | m | 26,501.8 | 1,836.3 | 2,071.0 | m | 8,658.6 | 9,274.3 | 56,618.0 | |
2006 | 19,427.7 | 2,219.5 | 1,458.8 | 1,728.6 | m | 27,246.2 | 1,973.7 | 2,260.5 | 2,180.8 | 10,189.7 | 9,827.8 | 57,282.0 | |
2007 | 20,989.1 | 2,297.7 | 1,678.7 | 1,817.0 | m | 27,875.5 | 2,039.3 | 2,327.4 | m | 10,991.6 | 10,145.9 | 59,889.0 | |
2008 | 22,555.7 | 2,697.8 | 1,936.2 | 1,933.1 | m | 28,984.4 | 2,325.1 | 2,553.1 | 2,774.8 | 12,077.6 | 10,306.5 | 60,217.0 | |
2009 | 25,309.3 | 2,687.8 | 2,181.6 | 2,112.2 | m | 29,788.3 | 2,547.7 | 2,903.1 | m | 13,318.0 | 10,791.9 | 79,553.0 | |
2010 | 27,151.7 | 2,833.6 | 2,339.8 | 2,234.7 | m | 30,594.1 | 2,694.7 | 3,021.8 | 3,149.4 | 14,129.7 | 10,885.8 | 63,617.0 | |
2011 | 28,914.7 | 2,874.5 | 2,475.7 | 2,248.1 | m | 33,204.2 | 2,920.5 | 3,020.6 | m | 15,019.0 | 11,034.5 | 62,359.0 | |
2012 | 29,398.0 | 3,023.1 | 2,503.9 | 2,213.6 | m | 34,381.0 | 3,014.6 | 3,312.0 | 4,005.3 | 15,963.5 | 10,874.3 | 65,134.0 | |
2013 | 31,526.4 | 3,123.8 | 2,665.6 | 2,186.5 | m | 33,986.3 | 3,246.0 | 3,515.8 | m | 16,815.0 | 12,162.6 | 62,714.0 | |
2014 | 31,915.2 | 3,404.1 | 2,698.9 | 2,159.0 | m | 33,864.2 | 3,313.1 | 3,625.2 | 4,430.2 | 17,642.8 | 12,115.7 | 66,393.0 | |
2015 | 33,044.6 | 3,169.3 | 2,786.4 | 2,164.5 | m | 32,149.9 | 3,436.0 | 3,617.7 | 4,734.0 | 19,062.9 | 12,302.2 | 67,293.0 | |
2016 | 36,658.4 | 3,436.5 | 2,685.6 | 2,044.4 | m | 32,798.2 | 3,698.0 | 3,764.7 | m | 19,173.2 | 12,637.5 | 72,311.0 | |
2017 | 38,946.6 | 3,784.3 | 2,819.9 | 2,135.4 | m | 41,237.6 | 3,722.4 | 3,945.5 | 5,741.0 | 18,996.8 | 13,598.0 | 71,865.0 | |
2018 | 41,780.2 | 3,830.7 | 2,945.3 | 2,229.6 | m | 44,834.5 | 3,799.5 | 3,987.3 | 5,648.7 | 19,447.7 | 14,774.9 | 76,965.0 | |
2019 | 45,302.7 | 4,495.7 | 3,147.5 | 2,371.0 | m | 54,324.9 | 4,068.9 | 4,190.6 | 6,083.5 | 20,595.9 | 16,645.6 | 79,610.0 | |
2020 | 50,379.8 | 4,716.7 | 3,529.2 | 2,794.4 | m | 90,150.5 | 4,503.6 | 4,445.1 | 6,549.1 | 24,384.6 | 19,787.7 | 89,806.0 | |
2021 | 54,834.6 | 5,051.5 | 3,664.4 | 2,767.7 | m | 81,289.2 | 4,532.9 | 4,992.3 | 6,936.3 | 27,959.2 | 18,216.7 | 85,501.0 | |
2022 | 58,406.2 | 5,339.2 | 3,699.7 | 3,017.4 | m | 98,676.0 | 5,138.0 | 5,038.6 | 7,724.1 | 30,604.4 | 21,036.4 | 103,533.9 | |
2023 | 58,022.5 | 5,211.6 | 3,801.3 | 2,899.8 | m | 97,095.9 | 5,560.4 | 4,957.7 | 7,809.7 | 31,536.3 | m | 96,181.0 | |
2024 | 55,391.1 | m | m | m | m | m | 6,215.2 | 5,224.7 | m | m | m | 97,261.0 | |
| Average annual growth of R&D expenditure | Years | Share (%) | |||||||||||
2.a Total expenditure | 1981 to 2024
12) | 4.6 | 5.4 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 5.2 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 3.9 | 8.3 | 9.8 | 3.2 | 4.3 |
2020 to 2024
12) | 3.4 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 4.6 | 2.8 | 8.4 | 4.8 | 6.1 | 8.7 | 6.4 | 4.7 | |
2.b Civil R&D expenditure | 1981 to 2024
12) | 4.6 | 5.3 | 6.7 | 5.9 | m | 7.2 | 6.5 | 4.2 | 8.6 | 9.8 | 4.2 | 4.5 |
2020 to 2024
12) | 2.4 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 1.2 | m | 2.5 | 8.4 | 4.1 | 6.0 | 9.0 | 3.1 | 2.0 | |
| Government expenditure on R&D | Year | US dollars | |||||||||||
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita
11) | 1981 | 142.6 | 60.0 | 48.3 | 55.6 | m | m | 54.1 | 128.5 | 43.7 | m | 118.1 | 146.7 |
1982 | 157.6 | 65.8 | 52.2 | 64.0 | m | m | 60.5 | 145.7 | m | m | 121.2 | 155.5 | |
1983 | 158.1 | 70.8 | 60.2 | 69.2 | m | m | 66.1 | 163.5 | 83.5 | m | 129.1 | 165.4 | |
1984 | 164.0 | 73.8 | 67.7 | 74.8 | m | m | 71.6 | 175.0 | m | m | 135.8 | 187.0 | |
1985 | 179.9 | 79.4 | 75.1 | 87.6 | m | m | 76.6 | 175.9 | m | m | 135.2 | 209.2 | |
1986 | 181.0 | 76.8 | 88.6 | 95.6 | m | m | 82.9 | 176.2 | 115.8 | m | 135.6 | 221.2 | |
1987 | 189.7 | 78.0 | 98.3 | 104.9 | m | m | 84.6 | 193.1 | m | m | 135.4 | 235.0 | |
1988 | 192.9 | 80.0 | 130.0 | 113.8 | m | 72.3 | 91.2 | 200.9 | 115.2 | m | 135.3 | 241.2 | |
1989 | 204.9 | 92.4 | 128.8 | 126.1 | m | 77.6 | 99.9 | 204.4 | 160.6 | m | 137.9 | 251.1 | |
1990 | 214.3 | 92.9 | 129.1 | 142.1 | m | 82.8 | 103.5 | 216.1 | 131.7 | m | 137.3 | 254.9 | |
1991 | 199.3 | 98.5 | 123.2 | 161.5 | m | 87.3 | 123.1 | 229.5 | m | m | 134.8 | 259.9 | |
1992 | 203.1 | 98.5 | 120.8 | 171.0 | m | 92.3 | 129.6 | 232.1 | 208.6 | m | 134.5 | 266.2 | |
1993 | 200.8 | 105.5 | 127.2 | 179.6 | 125.2 | 99.5 | 143.5 | 235.1 | m | m | 142.2 | 268.5 | |
1994 | 197.6 | 107.5 | 131.5 | 180.5 | 150.7 | 105.4 | 154.3 | 228.8 | 212.2 | m | 137.6 | 259.4 | |
1995 | 202.0 | 113.3 | 147.1 | 184.8 | 158.3 | 114.4 | 154.3 | 237.0 | m | m | 136.3 | 258.0 | |
1996 | 207.3 | 121.1 | 164.6 | 184.7 | 171.6 | 131.2 | 151.1 | 239.4 | 216.2 | m | 140.3 | 256.0 | |
1997 | 201.8 | 129.2 | 175.7 | 232.8 | 190.0 | 141.6 | 152.6 | m | m | m | 145.8 | 262.5 | |
1998 | 203.0 | 135.7 | 186.3 | 244.6 | 178.5 | 144.2 | 164.1 | 184.6 | 204.3 | m | 138.4 | 266.4 | |
1999 | 210.1 | 145.1 | 206.0 | 248.9 | 179.6 | 153.9 | 173.5 | 184.3 | m | 93.0 | 148.5 | 277.9 | |
2000 | 211.6 | 154.3 | 212.7 | 254.4 | 205.7 | 167.4 | 177.1 | 194.5 | 210.4 | 106.7 | 161.2 | 257.4 | |
2001 | 217.2 | 165.0 | 217.9 | 260.0 | 206.9 | 182.3 | 189.8 | 228.8 | m | 125.1 | 164.5 | 275.4 | |
2002 | 224.7 | 178.0 | 226.4 | 267.5 | 193.9 | 193.5 | 201.7 | 253.6 | 240.8 | 140.6 | 193.6 | 307.9 | |
2003 | 234.1 | 185.2 | 227.2 | 278.1 | 187.4 | 201.9 | 201.4 | 273.6 | m | 147.2 | 197.6 | 339.8 | |
2004 | 237.7 | 185.1 | 235.8 | 301.7 | 175.1 | 210.2 | 214.4 | 275.7 | 270.2 | 159.6 | 205.0 | 362.3 | |
2005 | 242.6 | 191.3 | 245.3 | 314.1 | 150.1 | 216.2 | 223.3 | 277.8 | m | 205.2 | 200.6 | 376.1 | |
2006 | 255.9 | 211.0 | 270.2 | 337.6 | 147.0 | 224.7 | 238.7 | 299.3 | 291.1 | 238.2 | 211.9 | 383.0 | |
2007 | 275.8 | 216.8 | 309.1 | 351.9 | 141.8 | 228.0 | 245.9 | 304.5 | m | 260.4 | 214.9 | 390.1 | |
2008 | 297.2 | 252.5 | 354.5 | 374.3 | 157.3 | 238.7 | 279.4 | 316.3 | 362.7 | 287.4 | 212.9 | 383.2 | |
2009 | 332.6 | 249.4 | 396.9 | 402.9 | 166.7 | 241.6 | 305.4 | 340.8 | m | 311.1 | 213.3 | 444.6 | |
2010 | 356.0 | 260.5 | 423.6 | 428.3 | 177.2 | 250.9 | 322.3 | 348.6 | 403.6 | 328.8 | 212.2 | 385.3 | |
2011 | 375.0 | 260.9 | 445.8 | 428.1 | 190.6 | 266.8 | 348.2 | 346.7 | m | 348.9 | 203.9 | 363.1 | |
2012 | 380.2 | 272.6 | 449.2 | 419.7 | 198.4 | 277.6 | 357.8 | 378.5 | 503.1 | 373.4 | 203.6 | 371.1 | |
2013 | 406.0 | 280.4 | 476.3 | 409.8 | 209.3 | 279.8 | 382.9 | 381.6 | m | 391.2 | 223.9 | 345.7 | |
2014 | 409.8 | 304.2 | 479.8 | 403.9 | 213.1 | 278.4 | 387.9 | 388.4 | 543.6 | 401.8 | 225.5 | 352.0 | |
2015 | 417.5 | 281.4 | 491.9 | 402.4 | 219.4 | 264.5 | 398.3 | 382.0 | 573.5 | 431.9 | 225.3 | 357.7 | |
2016 | 457.4 | 303.6 | 470.3 | 379.4 | 233.8 | 266.3 | 423.5 | 393.1 | m | 435.3 | 228.7 | 388.4 | |
2017 | 489.9 | 333.0 | 490.7 | 396.4 | 236.8 | 334.6 | 424.0 | 401.1 | 681.1 | 435.1 | 242.5 | 389.5 | |
2018 | 520.9 | 335.6 | 509.9 | 414.3 | 246.8 | 362.5 | 430.7 | 401.4 | 665.5 | 447.8 | 259.2 | 439.4 | |
2019 | 570.0 | 391.8 | 542.8 | 440.3 | 245.6 | 440.5 | 459.2 | 419.3 | 711.8 | 475.3 | 272.8 | 453.8 | |
2020 | 632.4 | 411.7 | 607.4 | 515.4 | 273.3 | 727.2 | 505.8 | 440.4 | 760.8 | 564.2 | 321.1 | 512.1 | |
2021 | 688.0 | 439.3 | 628.1 | 510.3 | 257.3 | 656.9 | 507.1 | 490.1 | 801.1 | 640.3 | 313.1 | 487.1 | |
2022 | 736.0 | 462.1 | 628.8 | 553.7 | 285.3 | 803.7 | 568.6 | 490.5 | 884.3 | 699.4 | 359.1 | 560.2 | |
2023 | 718.4 | 447.9 | 641.8 | 531.1 | 295.8 | 799.4 | 610.0 | 482.8 | 880.0 | 725.5 | m | 593.5 | |
2024 | 708.7 | m | m | m | m | m | 678.7 | 516.4 | m | m | m | m | |
| Government expenditure on R&D | Year | Share (%) | |||||||||||
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product | 1981 | 1.10 | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0.55 | m | m | 0.47 | 1.04 | 0.25 | m | 1.26 | 1.05 |
1982 | 1.15 | 0.55 | 0.44 | 0.58 | m | m | 0.49 | 1.10 | m | m | 1.19 | 1.08 | |
1983 | 1.09 | 0.57 | 0.48 | 0.59 | m | m | 0.50 | 1.17 | 0.44 | m | 1.17 | 1.07 | |
1984 | 1.05 | 0.56 | 0.50 | 0.60 | m | m | 0.52 | 1.16 | m | m | 1.17 | 1.10 | |
1985 | 1.09 | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.66 | m | m | 0.53 | 1.11 | m | m | 1.09 | 1.15 | |
1986 | 1.05 | 0.53 | 0.57 | 0.69 | m | m | 0.55 | 1.06 | 0.52 | m | 1.04 | 1.16 | |
1987 | 1.06 | 0.52 | 0.61 | 0.71 | m | m | 0.54 | 1.10 | m | m | 0.96 | 1.18 | |
1988 | 1.01 | 0.49 | 0.78 | 0.71 | m | 0.43 | 0.54 | 1.08 | 0.47 | m | 0.88 | 1.13 | |
1989 | 1.01 | 0.53 | 0.74 | 0.72 | m | 0.42 | 0.55 | 1.04 | 0.61 | m | 0.84 | 1.10 | |
1990 | 0.98 | 0.50 | 0.71 | 0.78 | m | 0.42 | 0.53 | 1.06 | 0.47 | m | 0.80 | 1.07 | |
1991 | 0.95 | 0.50 | 0.65 | 0.92 | m | 0.41 | 0.60 | 1.11 | m | m | 0.78 | 1.07 | |
1992 | 0.93 | 0.49 | 0.61 | 0.99 | m | 0.42 | 0.61 | 1.12 | 0.72 | m | 0.76 | 1.05 | |
1993 | 0.91 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 1.03 | 0.69 | 0.45 | 0.66 | 1.13 | m | m | 0.76 | 1.02 | |
1994 | 0.86 | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.98 | 0.77 | 0.46 | 0.68 | 1.05 | 0.71 | m | 0.70 | 0.94 | |
1995 | 0.85 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.95 | 0.77 | 0.48 | 0.65 | 1.03 | m | m | 0.66 | 0.90 | |
1996 | 0.85 | 0.53 | 0.69 | 0.92 | 0.79 | 0.52 | 0.62 | 1.00 | 0.69 | m | 0.64 | 0.86 | |
1997 | 0.81 | 0.54 | 0.71 | 1.07 | 0.85 | 0.55 | 0.60 | m | m | m | 0.63 | 0.84 | |
1998 | 0.79 | 0.56 | 0.72 | 1.04 | 0.78 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 0.71 | 0.61 | m | 0.58 | 0.81 | |
1999 | 0.79 | 0.57 | 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.77 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.67 | m | 0.53 | 0.61 | 0.81 | |
2000 | 0.76 | 0.56 | 0.74 | 0.95 | 0.80 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.66 | 0.58 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.71 | |
2001 | 0.75 | 0.57 | 0.74 | 0.94 | 0.80 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.76 | m | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.74 | |
2002 | 0.75 | 0.59 | 0.74 | 0.94 | 0.75 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.82 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.81 | |
2003 | 0.76 | 0.60 | 0.74 | 0.96 | 0.76 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.86 | m | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.86 | |
2004 | 0.74 | 0.58 | 0.71 | 0.97 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.64 | 0.82 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.87 | |
2005 | 0.74 | 0.58 | 0.72 | 0.98 | 0.59 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.81 | m | 0.78 | 0.61 | 0.85 | |
2006 | 0.73 | 0.60 | 0.72 | 0.98 | 0.56 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.79 | 0.63 | 0.85 | 0.61 | 0.83 | |
2007 | 0.74 | 0.59 | 0.79 | 0.93 | 0.50 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.75 | m | 0.86 | 0.60 | 0.81 | |
2008 | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.85 | 0.93 | 0.56 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.75 | 0.68 | 0.92 | 0.58 | 0.79 | |
2009 | 0.87 | 0.66 | 0.98 | 1.06 | 0.59 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.85 | m | 1.01 | 0.61 | 0.94 | |
2010 | 0.88 | 0.65 | 0.98 | 1.10 | 0.60 | 0.71 | 0.77 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.99 | 0.58 | 0.79 | |
2011 | 0.86 | 0.63 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.61 | 0.74 | 0.79 | 0.78 | m | 1.03 | 0.55 | 0.73 | |
2012 | 0.86 | 0.64 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.61 | 0.74 | 0.77 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 1.06 | 0.53 | 0.72 | |
2013 | 0.88 | 0.64 | 1.02 | 0.99 | 0.60 | 0.71 | 0.81 | 0.83 | m | 1.09 | 0.56 | 0.65 | |
2014 | 0.85 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.86 | 1.09 | 0.55 | 0.64 | |
2015 | 0.86 | 0.61 | 1.01 | 0.95 | 0.61 | 0.65 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.88 | 1.09 | 0.53 | 0.63 | |
2016 | 0.89 | 0.63 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.61 | 0.66 | 0.81 | 0.78 | m | 1.04 | 0.52 | 0.67 | |
2017 | 0.91 | 0.66 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.60 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.78 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.53 | 0.65 | |
2018 | 0.93 | 0.64 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.61 | 0.86 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.55 | 0.70 | |
2019 | 0.96 | 0.69 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.59 | 1.03 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.97 | 1.02 | 0.54 | 0.70 | |
2020 | 1.08 | 0.73 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.67 | 1.71 | 0.86 | 0.77 | 1.04 | 1.18 | 0.67 | 0.80 | |
2021 | 1.10 | 0.72 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.56 | 1.48 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.99 | 1.24 | 0.61 | 0.68 | |
2022 | 1.09 | 0.68 | 0.81 | 0.90 | 0.53 | 1.69 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.97 | 1.27 | 0.61 | 0.72 | |
2023 | 1.05 | 0.65 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.55 | 1.60 | 0.87 | 0.72 | 0.98 | 1.29 | m | 0.72 | |
2024 | 1.02 | m | m | m | m | m | 0.96 | m | m | m | m | m | |
| Government expenditure on R&D | Years | Share (%) | |||||||||||
5. Average annual growth of the nominal gross domestic product | 1981 to 2024
12) | 4.7 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 6.3 | 4.0 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 8.1 | 4.9 | 5.3 |
2020 to 2024
12) | 4.8 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 4.5 | 9.5 | 5.1 | 5.7 | 3.3 | 8.5 | 5.3 | 6.3 | 9.1 | |
Source: German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, calculations; OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators März 2025
Notes:
1) Some figures are revised, provisional, estimated or only partly comparable with figures from previous years (see original edition of "Main Science and Technology Indicators March 2025").
2) Until 1990, western German Länder only.
3) As of 1999, provincial and local government funding is included in the GBARD data (in particular funding in provincial hospitals), as well as funding from the Danish National Research Foundation and the Danish Investment Fund.
4) Defence R&D is excluded.
5) GBARD data represent the budget for science and technology. As of 2017, local government budgets are included in total GBARD figures. Since 2016, the aggregation method of S&T budgets has changed. Military procurement contracts are excluded from defence GBARD. Before 2010, general university funds (GUF) exclude social sciences and humanities (SSH).
6) Definition differs.
7) Until 1993, excluding R&D in the social sciences and humanities. As of 1998, data exclude funding by public research foundations. Until 2005, central government R&D was taken into account only. Starting in 2023, a new method for compiling GBARD based entirely on administrative data and R&D survey coefficients has been implemented, resulting in a time series break and an estimated increase of total GBARD.
8) As of 2017, GBARD data are derived from a funder-based approach (performer-based approach before 2017). Before 1994, GBARD did not include the public sector financed R&D mandates.
9) Until 2006, excluding R&D in the social sciences and humanities.
10) 2009 GBARD data also includes the one time incremental R&D funding legislated in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Beginning with the 2000 GBARD data, budgets for capital expenditure "R&D plant" in national terminology - are included. GBARD data for earlier years relate to budgets for current costs only.
11) Nominal expenditure converted into US dollar purchasing power parities.
12) The figures are based on years for that data are available.
m = data not available.
Last update: April 16, 2025
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