R&D expenditure | R&D expenditure | Financed by | Performed by | |||||||
Total 1) | Share of GDP | Business enterprise sector | Government sector | Other national sources and abroad | Business enterprise sector | Government sector | Higher education sector 2) | PNP sector 3) | ||
Country | Year 4) | Millions of US dollars | Share (%) | Share (%) | Share (%) | |||||
Germany
5) | 1981 | 18,825.7 | 2.35 | 56.8 | 41.8 | 1.4 | 69.0 | 13.4 | 17.1 | 0.5 |
1982 | 20,491.1 | 2.42 | 56.9 | 41.7 | 1.4 | 70.3 | 13.0 | 16.2 | 0.5 | |
1983 | 21,529.6 | 2.41 | 60.3 | 38.2 | 1.5 | 70.2 | 13.4 | 15.9 | 0.5 | |
1984 | 23,119.6 | 2.43 | 59.6 | 38.9 | 1.5 | 70.7 | 13.2 | 15.6 | 0.4 | |
1985 | 25,982.1 | 2.59 | 62.3 | 36.3 | 1.4 | 72.0 | 12.8 | 14.7 | 0.4 | |
1986 | 27,586.4 | 2.63 | 62.1 | 36.3 | 1.6 | 72.1 | 12.9 | 14.6 | 0.4 | |
1987 | 29,723.3 | 2.73 | 64.4 | 33.9 | 1.7 | 72.2 | 12.8 | 14.5 | 0.5 | |
1988 | 31,932.9 | 2.73 | 63.7 | 34.2 | 2.2 | 72.4 | 12.8 | 14.4 | 0.5 | |
1989 | 34,247.1 | 2.71 | 63.7 | 33.7 | 2.6 | 72.3 | 13.0 | 14.2 | 0.5 | |
1990 | 35,943.7 | 2.61 | 63.5 | 33.8 | 2.7 | 72.1 | 12.9 | 14.6 | 0.5 | |
1991 | 40,066.9 | 2.39 | 61.7 | 35.8 | 2.5 | 69.3 | 14.4 | 16.2 | y | |
1992 | 39,779.7 | 2.27 | 61.2 | 36.4 | 2.4 | 68.7 | 14.2 | 17.1 | y | |
1993 | 39,135.0 | 2.21 | 60.8 | 37.2 | 2.0 | 67.1 | 15.2 | 17.6 | y | |
1994 | 39,448.6 | 2.13 | 60.4 | 37.5 | 2.1 | 66.6 | 15.2 | 18.1 | y | |
1995 | 41,068.9 | 2.14 | 60.2 | 37.7 | 2.1 | 66.3 | 15.5 | 18.2 | y | |
1996 | 42,285.3 | 2.14 | 59.6 | 38.1 | 2.3 | 66.0 | 15.3 | 18.7 | y | |
1997 | 44,104.3 | 2.19 | 61.4 | 35.9 | 2.7 | 67.4 | 14.6 | 18.0 | y | |
1998 | 46,083.9 | 2.22 | 62.5 | 34.7 | 2.8 | 68.0 | 14.7 | 17.4 | y | |
1999 | 50,677.5 | 2.35 | 65.3 | 32.2 | 2.5 | 69.5 | 13.7 | 16.7 | y | |
2000 | 53,892.1 | 2.41 | 65.9 | 31.6 | 2.5 | 70.0 | 13.5 | 16.4 | y | |
2001 | 56,186.3 | 2.40 | 65.5 | 31.7 | 2.9 | 69.6 | 13.7 | 16.8 | y | |
2002 | 58,637.4 | 2.44 | 65.4 | 31.8 | 2.8 | 69.0 | 13.7 | 17.3 | y | |
2003 | 61,087.8 | 2.47 | 66.2 | 31.3 | 2.6 | 69.5 | 13.4 | 17.2 | y | |
2004 | 62,964.8 | 2.44 | 66.5 | 30.6 | 2.9 | 69.6 | 13.6 | 16.7 | y | |
2005 | 64,028.3 | 2.44 | 67.5 | 28.5 | 4.0 | 69.2 | 14.1 | 16.8 | y | |
2006 | 69,570.7 | 2.47 | 68.1 | 27.8 | 4.2 | 69.8 | 13.8 | 16.4 | y | |
2007 | 73,467.9 | 2.46 | 68.0 | 27.6 | 4.4 | 70.0 | 13.9 | 16.1 | y | |
2008 | 81,172.6 | 2.62 | 67.2 | 28.5 | 4.3 | 69.2 | 14.0 | 16.8 | y | |
2009 | 82,697.1 | 2.74 | 66.1 | 29.8 | 4.1 | 67.5 | 14.8 | 17.7 | y | |
2010 | 86,954.8 | 2.73 | 65.5 | 30.4 | 4.1 | 67.0 | 14.8 | 18.2 | y | |
2011 | 95,810.0 | 2.81 | 65.6 | 29.9 | 4.5 | 67.6 | 14.5 | 17.9 | y | |
2012 | 100,490.1 | 2.88 | 66.1 | 29.2 | 4.7 | 68.0 | 14.3 | 17.7 | y | |
2013 | 102,905.5 | 2.84 | 65.4 | 29.1 | 5.5 | 67.2 | 14.9 | 17.9 | y | |
2014 | 109,562.7 | 2.88 | 66.0 | 28.7 | 5.3 | 67.7 | 14.6 | 17.7 | y | |
2015 | 114,097.6 | 2.93 | 65.7 | 27.9 | 6.4 | 68.7 | 14.1 | 17.3 | y | |
2016 | 122,472.2 | 2.94 | 65.2 | 28.5 | 6.3 | 68.2 | 13.8 | 18.0 | y | |
2017 | 133,668.0 | 3.05 | 66.2 | 27.7 | 6.1 | 69.1 | 13.5 | 17.4 | y | |
2018 | 142,320.2 | 3.11 | 66.0 | 27.8 | 6.1 | 68.9 | 13.5 | 17.6 | y | |
2019 | 153,293.2 | 3.17 | 64.5 | 27.8 | 7.7 | 68.9 | 13.7 | 17.4 | y | |
2020 | 150,788.8 | 3.13 | 62.6 | 29.7 | 7.7 | 66.6 | 14.6 | 18.7 | y | |
2021 | 161,232.5 | 3.13 | 62.8 | 30.0 | 7.3 | 66.9 | 14.8 | 18.3 | y | |
2022 | 174,857.3 | 3.13 | m | m | m | 67.4 | 12.1 | 18.1 | 2.4 | |
Finland
6) | 1981 | 559.5 | 1.15 | 54.5 | 43.4 | 2.1 | 54.7 | 22.5 | 22.2 | 0.6 |
1982 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1983 | 745.4 | 1.30 | 56.3 | 41.6 | 2.1 | 55.7 | 20.7 | 22.9 | 0.7 | |
1984 | 876.6 | 1.43 | m | m | m | 58.0 | 19.9 | 21.5 | 0.7 | |
1985 | 991.4 | 1.52 | m | m | m | 58.7 | 19.9 | 20.9 | 0.5 | |
1986 | 1,096.6 | 1.60 | m | m | m | 58.9 | 19.9 | 20.7 | 0.5 | |
1987 | 1,227.8 | 1.69 | 59.6 | 38.1 | 2.3 | 58.9 | 20.1 | 20.6 | 0.3 | |
1988 | 1,361.6 | 1.72 | m | m | m | 59.9 | 19.3 | 20.4 | 0.4 | |
1989 | 1,513.2 | 1.75 | 62.2 | 35.3 | 2.5 | 61.6 | 18.5 | 19.3 | 0.5 | |
1990 | 1,645.7 | 1.82 | m | m | m | 62.6 | 18.8 | 18.7 | m | |
1991 | 1,731.9 | 1.97 | 56.3 | 40.9 | 2.8 | 57.0 | 20.2 | 22.1 | 0.7 | |
1992 | 1,793.2 | 2.06 | m | m | m | 56.8 | 20.6 | 22.0 | 0.7 | |
1993 | 1,854.1 | 2.10 | 56.6 | 39.8 | 3.6 | 58.4 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 0.7 | |
1994 | 2,079.5 | 2.21 | m | m | m | 62.2 | 18.9 | 18.9 | m | |
1995 | 2,203.9 | 2.20 | 59.5 | 35.1 | 5.4 | 63.2 | 16.6 | 19.5 | 0.6 | |
1996 | 2,523.8 | 2.45 | m | m | m | 66.2 | 15.8 | 18.1 | m | |
1997 | 2,936.2 | 2.62 | 62.9 | 30.9 | 6.2 | 66.0 | 13.6 | 20.0 | 0.5 | |
1998 | 3,383.2 | 2.78 | 63.9 | 30.0 | 6.1 | 67.2 | 12.6 | 19.6 | 0.6 | |
1999 | 3,909.9 | 3.06 | 66.9 | 29.2 | 3.9 | 68.2 | 11.4 | 19.7 | 0.7 | |
2000 | 4,494.5 | 3.24 | 70.2 | 26.2 | 3.5 | 70.9 | 10.6 | 17.8 | 0.7 | |
2001 | 4,606.8 | 3.19 | 70.8 | 25.5 | 3.7 | 71.1 | 10.2 | 18.1 | 0.6 | |
2002 | 4,839.4 | 3.25 | 69.5 | 26.1 | 4.3 | 69.9 | 10.4 | 19.2 | 0.6 | |
2003 | 4,995.3 | 3.30 | 70.0 | 25.7 | 4.3 | 70.5 | 9.7 | 19.2 | 0.6 | |
2004 | 5,398.2 | 3.31 | 69.3 | 26.3 | 4.4 | 70.1 | 9.5 | 19.8 | 0.6 | |
2005 | 5,588.7 | 3.32 | 66.9 | 25.7 | 7.5 | 70.8 | 9.6 | 19.0 | 0.6 | |
2006 | 6,046.2 | 3.33 | 66.6 | 25.1 | 8.3 | 71.3 | 9.3 | 18.7 | 0.6 | |
2007 | 6,679.5 | 3.34 | 68.2 | 24.1 | 7.7 | 72.3 | 8.5 | 18.7 | 0.6 | |
2008 | 7,533.1 | 3.54 | 70.3 | 21.8 | 7.9 | 74.3 | 8.0 | 17.2 | 0.5 | |
2009 | 7,569.7 | 3.73 | 68.1 | 24.0 | 7.9 | 71.4 | 9.1 | 18.9 | 0.6 | |
2010 | 7,740.5 | 3.71 | 66.1 | 25.7 | 8.2 | 69.6 | 9.2 | 20.4 | 0.7 | |
2011 | 7,976.8 | 3.62 | 67.0 | 25.0 | 8.0 | 70.5 | 8.8 | 20.0 | 0.7 | |
2012 | 7,520.0 | 3.40 | 63.1 | 26.7 | 10.3 | 68.7 | 9.0 | 21.6 | 0.7 | |
2013 | 7,382.8 | 3.27 | 60.8 | 26.0 | 13.1 | 68.9 | 8.9 | 21.5 | 0.7 | |
2014 | 7,178.2 | 3.15 | 53.5 | 27.5 | 19.0 | 67.7 | 8.6 | 22.9 | 0.8 | |
2015 | 6,687.9 | 2.87 | 54.8 | 28.9 | 16.4 | 66.7 | 8.2 | 24.4 | 0.8 | |
2016 | 6,727.4 | 2.72 | 57.0 | 28.9 | 14.1 | 65.8 | 8.2 | 25.1 | 0.9 | |
2017 | 7,147.7 | 2.73 | 58.0 | 29.0 | 13.0 | 65.3 | 8.5 | 25.4 | 0.8 | |
2018 | 7,540.5 | 2.76 | 55.8 | 28.3 | 15.9 | 65.7 | 8.3 | 25.2 | 0.8 | |
2019 | 8,126.4 | 2.80 | 54.3 | 27.8 | 17.9 | 65.6 | 8.1 | 25.4 | 0.9 | |
2020 | 8,643.1 | 2.91 | 56.0 | 27.7 | 16.4 | 67.0 | 7.6 | 24.6 | 0.8 | |
2021 | 9,569.5 | 2.99 | 58.1 | 25.6 | 16.3 | 68.8 | 7.3 | 23.1 | 0.8 | |
2022 | 10,311.4 | 2.96 | m | m | m | 68.0 | 7.3 | 24.0 | 0.7 | |
France | 1981 | 11,029.5 | 1.87 | 40.9 | 53.4 | 5.7 | 58.9 | 23.6 | 16.4 | 1.1 |
1982 | 12,515.2 | 1.95 | 41.6 | 54.0 | 4.3 | 57.9 | 25.2 | 15.9 | 0.9 | |
1983 | 13,419.6 | 1.98 | 42.0 | 53.8 | 4.2 | 56.8 | 26.4 | 15.8 | 0.9 | |
1984 | 14,753.8 | 2.07 | 41.1 | 53.7 | 5.2 | 57.2 | 26.5 | 15.4 | 1.0 | |
1985 | 15,891.4 | 2.13 | 41.4 | 52.9 | 5.7 | 58.7 | 25.3 | 15.0 | 1.0 | |
1986 | 16,501.2 | 2.12 | 41.2 | 52.5 | 6.3 | 58.7 | 25.3 | 15.0 | 0.9 | |
1987 | 17,684.8 | 2.16 | 41.8 | 51.7 | 6.5 | 58.9 | 25.2 | 15.0 | 0.9 | |
1988 | 19,096.8 | 2.15 | 43.3 | 49.9 | 6.8 | 59.5 | 24.9 | 14.8 | 0.9 | |
1989 | 21,114.9 | 2.19 | 43.9 | 48.1 | 8.0 | 60.3 | 23.9 | 14.9 | 0.9 | |
1990 | 23,361.2 | 2.27 | 43.5 | 48.3 | 8.2 | 60.4 | 24.2 | 14.6 | 0.8 | |
1991 | 24,440.0 | 2.28 | 42.5 | 48.8 | 8.7 | 61.5 | 22.7 | 15.1 | 0.8 | |
1992 | 25,459.4 | 2.28 | 46.6 | 43.5 | 10.0 | 62.5 | 20.9 | 15.3 | 1.3 | |
1993 | 26,304.3 | 2.32 | 47.0 | 43.5 | 9.5 | 61.7 | 21.1 | 15.8 | 1.4 | |
1994 | 26,902.1 | 2.27 | 48.7 | 41.6 | 9.7 | 61.8 | 20.6 | 16.2 | 1.3 | |
1995 | 27,706.7 | 2.24 | 48.3 | 41.9 | 9.7 | 61.0 | 21.0 | 16.7 | 1.3 | |
1996 | 28,358.6 | 2.22 | 48.5 | 41.5 | 10.0 | 61.5 | 20.3 | 16.8 | 1.3 | |
1997 | 28,632.2 | 2.15 | 51.6 | 38.8 | 9.5 | 62.5 | 18.7 | 17.4 | 1.4 | |
1998 | 29,450.4 | 2.09 | 53.5 | 37.3 | 9.2 | 62.3 | 18.6 | 17.6 | 1.5 | |
1999 | 30,993.8 | 2.11 | 54.1 | 36.9 | 8.9 | 63.2 | 18.1 | 17.2 | 1.5 | |
2000 | 33,274.5 | 2.09 | 52.5 | 38.7 | 8.8 | 62.5 | 17.3 | 18.8 | 1.4 | |
2001 | 36,073.4 | 2.14 | 54.2 | 36.9 | 8.9 | 63.2 | 16.5 | 18.9 | 1.4 | |
2002 | 38,334.7 | 2.17 | 52.1 | 38.3 | 9.6 | 63.3 | 16.5 | 18.9 | 1.4 | |
2003 | 37,177.4 | 2.12 | 50.8 | 39.0 | 10.2 | 62.6 | 16.7 | 19.4 | 1.3 | |
2004 | 38,169.8 | 2.09 | 50.7 | 38.7 | 10.5 | 63.1 | 17.0 | 18.6 | 1.3 | |
2005 | 39,530.1 | 2.05 | 51.9 | 38.6 | 9.4 | 62.1 | 17.8 | 18.8 | 1.3 | |
2006 | 42,365.8 | 2.05 | 52.3 | 38.5 | 9.2 | 63.1 | 16.5 | 19.2 | 1.2 | |
2007 | 44,231.9 | 2.02 | 52.3 | 38.1 | 9.6 | 63.0 | 16.4 | 19.5 | 1.2 | |
2008 | 46,567.1 | 2.06 | 50.8 | 38.9 | 10.3 | 62.7 | 16.0 | 20.0 | 1.2 | |
2009 | 49,635.4 | 2.21 | 52.3 | 38.7 | 9.0 | 61.7 | 16.3 | 20.8 | 1.2 | |
2010 | 50,853.9 | 2.18 | 53.5 | 37.1 | 9.4 | 63.2 | 14.0 | 21.6 | 1.2 | |
2011 | 53,617.3 | 2.19 | 55.0 | 35.1 | 9.8 | 64.0 | 13.9 | 20.9 | 1.2 | |
2012 | 55,097.7 | 2.23 | 55.3 | 35.4 | 9.3 | 64.6 | 13.2 | 20.8 | 1.4 | |
2013 | 58,353.3 | 2.24 | 55.1 | 35.3 | 9.6 | 64.6 | 13.1 | 20.9 | 1.5 | |
2014 | 60,585.6 | 2.28 | 54.5 | 34.3 | 11.1 | 63.6 | 12.7 | 22.1 | 1.5 | |
2015 | 60,541.3 | 2.23 | 55.0 | 35.4 | 11.4 | 64.7 | 13.0 | 20.8 | 1.6 | |
2016 | 63,651.4 | 2.22 | 56.0 | 32.4 | 11.6 | 65.1 | 12.7 | 20.5 | 1.6 | |
2017 | 65,592.8 | 2.20 | 56.2 | 32.5 | 11.5 | 65.4 | 12.4 | 20.6 | 1.6 | |
2018 | 68,654.0 | 2.20 | 56.6 | 31.5 | 11.7 | 65.5 | 12.4 | 20.4 | 1.6 | |
2019 | 75,681.7 | 2.19 | 56.7 | 31.4 | 11.9 | 65.9 | 12.3 | 20.1 | 1.6 | |
2020 | 76,072.6 | 2.27 | 56.4 | 31.8 | 11.8 | 65.7 | 11.8 | 20.5 | 2.0 | |
2021 | 80,917.1 | 2.22 | 55.4 | 32.5 | 12.1 | 65.7 | 11.7 | 20.5 | 2.1 | |
2022 | 85,167.2 | 2.18 | m | m | m | 65.8 | 11.6 | 20.6 | 2.0 | |
Italy
7) | 1981 | 5,058.4 | 0.83 | 50.1 | 47.2 | 2.7 | 56.4 | 25.7 | 17.9 | m |
1982 | 5,538.8 | 0.85 | 48.5 | 48.5 | 3.0 | 56.8 | 24.7 | 18.6 | m | |
1983 | 6,131.4 | 0.90 | 45.1 | 52.4 | 2.5 | 57.1 | 23.6 | 19.3 | m | |
1984 | 6,968.6 | 0.95 | 43.5 | 52.9 | 3.6 | 56.4 | 24.9 | 18.8 | m | |
1985 | 8,212.4 | 1.06 | 44.6 | 51.7 | 3.6 | 56.9 | 23.9 | 19.2 | m | |
1986 | 8,695.5 | 1.07 | 40.3 | 55.3 | 4.4 | 58.4 | 22.0 | 19.7 | m | |
1987 | 9,648.5 | 1.12 | 41.7 | 54.0 | 4.3 | 57.2 | 22.6 | 20.2 | m | |
1988 | 10,635.4 | 1.14 | 43.9 | 51.8 | 4.2 | 57.8 | 21.8 | 20.3 | m | |
1989 | 11,598.0 | 1.16 | 46.4 | 49.5 | 4.1 | 58.8 | 21.5 | 19.8 | m | |
1990 | 12,689.9 | 1.20 | 43.7 | 51.5 | 4.8 | 58.3 | 20.9 | 20.7 | m | |
1991 | 12,665.1 | 1.14 | 44.4 | 49.6 | 6.1 | 55.8 | 22.7 | 21.5 | m | |
1992 | 12,622.9 | 1.10 | 47.3 | 48.5 | 4.2 | 55.8 | 22.0 | 22.2 | m | |
1993 | 12,200.0 | 1.05 | 44.3 | 51.3 | 4.4 | 53.7 | 21.4 | 25.0 | m | |
1994 | 11,880.9 | 0.98 | 43.7 | 50.2 | 6.1 | 52.9 | 21.3 | 25.8 | m | |
1995 | 11,876.5 | 0.93 | 41.7 | 53.0 | 5.3 | 53.4 | 21.1 | 25.5 | m | |
1996 | 12,397.8 | 0.95 | 43.0 | 50.8 | 6.2 | 53.5 | 20.0 | 26.5 | m | |
1997 | 13,413.4 | 0.99 | m | m | m | 49.8 | 19.4 | 30.8 | m | |
1998 | 14,307.9 | 1.00 | m | m | m | 48.3 | 20.2 | 31.4 | m | |
1999 | 14,290.0 | 0.98 | m | m | m | 49.3 | 19.2 | 31.5 | m | |
2000 | 15,473.7 | 1.00 | m | m | m | 50.1 | 18.9 | 31.0 | m | |
2001 | 16,627.0 | 1.04 | m | m | m | 49.1 | 18.4 | 32.6 | m | |
2002 | 17,728.8 | 1.08 | m | m | m | 48.3 | 17.6 | 32.8 | 1.3 | |
2003 | 17,721.0 | 1.06 | m | m | m | 47.3 | 17.5 | 33.9 | 1.4 | |
2004 | 17,906.0 | 1.05 | m | m | m | 47.8 | 17.8 | 32.8 | 1.5 | |
2005 | 18,241.2 | 1.04 | 39.7 | 50.7 | 9.7 | 50.4 | 17.3 | 30.2 | 2.1 | |
2006 | 20,455.0 | 1.08 | 40.4 | 47.0 | 12.6 | 48.8 | 17.2 | 30.3 | 3.7 | |
2007 | 22,530.2 | 1.13 | 42.0 | 44.3 | 13.7 | 51.9 | 14.5 | 30.1 | 3.5 | |
2008 | 24,235.0 | 1.16 | 45.9 | 42.0 | 12.1 | 53.6 | 12.7 | 30.5 | 3.2 | |
2009 | 24,903.2 | 1.22 | 44.2 | 42.1 | 13.7 | 53.3 | 13.1 | 30.3 | 3.3 | |
2010 | 25,379.4 | 1.22 | 44.7 | 41.6 | 13.8 | 53.9 | 13.7 | 28.8 | 3.6 | |
2011 | 26,111.7 | 1.20 | 45.1 | 41.9 | 13.0 | 54.6 | 13.4 | 28.6 | 3.3 | |
2012 | 27,419.6 | 1.26 | 44.3 | 42.5 | 13.2 | 54.2 | 14.8 | 28.0 | 3.0 | |
2013 | 28,459.4 | 1.30 | 45.2 | 41.4 | 13.4 | 54.7 | 14.0 | 28.3 | 3.0 | |
2014 | 29,448.3 | 1.34 | 47.3 | 39.7 | 13.0 | 56.7 | 13.6 | 26.7 | 3.0 | |
2015 | 29,994.8 | 1.34 | 50.0 | 38.0 | 12.0 | 58.2 | 13.1 | 25.5 | 3.2 | |
2016 | 33,076.6 | 1.37 | 52.1 | 35.2 | 12.7 | 60.8 | 12.6 | 24.2 | 2.5 | |
2017 | 34,488.8 | 1.37 | 53.7 | 32.3 | 14.0 | 62.4 | 12.4 | 23.6 | 1.7 | |
2018 | 37,039.9 | 1.42 | 54.5 | 32.8 | 12.7 | 63.1 | 12.5 | 22.8 | 1.6 | |
2019 | 40,568.1 | 1.46 | 55.9 | 32.3 | 11.7 | 63.2 | 12.6 | 22.5 | 1.8 | |
2020 | 39,583.4 | 1.51 | 52.8 | 33.7 | 13.5 | 61.8 | 13.2 | 23.1 | 1.9 | |
2021 | 42,096.1 | 1.43 | 53.9 | 35.1 | 10.9 | 60.2 | 14.0 | 24.0 | 1.9 | |
2022 | 43,506.6 | 1.32 | m | m | m | 58.6 | 14.8 | 24.6 | 2.0 | |
Sweden
8) | 1981 | 2,082.2 | 2.03 | 54.9 | 42.3 | 2.8 | 63.7 | 6.1 | 30.0 | 0.3 |
1982 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1983 | 2,639.7 | 2.26 | 58.1 | 39.3 | 2.6 | 64.5 | 5.1 | 30.2 | 0.2 | |
1984 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1985 | 3,384.8 | 2.55 | 60.9 | 36.4 | 2.7 | 68.0 | 4.4 | 27.4 | 0.2 | |
1986 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1987 | 3,885.2 | 2.63 | 60.0 | 36.9 | 3.1 | 66.8 | 4.2 | 28.9 | 0.1 | |
1988 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1989 | 4,314.4 | 2.58 | 58.6 | 38.1 | 3.3 | 65.4 | 3.9 | 30.6 | 0.1 | |
1990 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1991 | 4,495.6 | 2.52 | 61.9 | 34.0 | 4.2 | 68.5 | 4.1 | 27.4 | 0.1 | |
1992 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1993 | 5,350.3 | 2.96 | 61.2 | 33.0 | 5.9 | 69.6 | 4.1 | 25.7 | 0.7 | |
1994 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1995 | 6,309.1 | 3.10 | 65.8 | 28.2 | 6.0 | 74.6 | 3.7 | 21.6 | 0.2 | |
1996 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1997 | 7,182.8 | 3.27 | 67.7 | 25.8 | 6.5 | 74.8 | 3.5 | 21.6 | 0.1 | |
1998 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1999 | 8,228.1 | 3.38 | 67.1 | 26.2 | 6.7 | 74.4 | 3.3 | 22.2 | 0.1 | |
2000 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2001 | 10,316.5 | 3.87 | 71.7 | 22.3 | 6.0 | 77.5 | 2.8 | 19.6 | 0.1 | |
2002 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2003 | 10,202.2 | 3.58 | 65.1 | 24.3 | 10.6 | 74.4 | 3.5 | 21.8 | 0.4 | |
2004 | 10,235.7 | 3.36 | m | m | m | 73.5 | 3.1 | 22.9 | 0.4 | |
2005 | 10,388.2 | 3.36 | 63.9 | 24.4 | 11.7 | 72.8 | 4.9 | 22.0 | 0.3 | |
2006 | 11,905.6 | 3.47 | m | m | m | 74.7 | 4.5 | 20.6 | 0.2 | |
2007 | 12,103.9 | 3.23 | 62.8 | 24.6 | 12.6 | 73.0 | 4.9 | 21.9 | 0.2 | |
2008 | 13,487.3 | 3.47 | m | m | m | 74.1 | 4.4 | 21.3 | 0.2 | |
2009 | 12,716.3 | 3.40 | 59.5 | 27.0 | 13.5 | 70.9 | 4.4 | 24.6 | 0.1 | |
2010 | 12,542.1 | 3.17 | m | m | m | 68.7 | 4.9 | 26.3 | 0.0 | |
2011 | 13,433.8 | 3.19 | 57.6 | 27.5 | 14.9 | 69.1 | 4.3 | 26.3 | 0.3 | |
2012 | 13,970.4 | 3.23 | m | m | m | 67.8 | 4.8 | 27.1 | 0.3 | |
2013 | 14,496.4 | 3.26 | 61.0 | 28.3 | 10.8 | 68.9 | 3.7 | 27.1 | 0.2 | |
2014 | 14,191.1 | 3.10 | m | m | m | 67.0 | 3.7 | 29.0 | 0.2 | |
2015 | 15,489.1 | 3.22 | 57.3 | z | 4.3 | 69.7 | 3.4 | 26.7 | 0.2 | |
2016 | 16,250.6 | 3.25 | m | m | m | 69.6 | 3.4 | 26.8 | 0.2 | |
2017 | 17,569.8 | 3.36 | 60.8 | 25.0 | 14.1 | 71.3 | 3.6 | 24.9 | 0.1 | |
2018 | 18,086.3 | 3.32 | m | m | m | 71.0 | 3.6 | 25.3 | 0.1 | |
2019 | 19,927.7 | 3.39 | 62.4 | 24.2 | 13.1 | 71.7 | 4.5 | 23.7 | 0.1 | |
2020 | 20,843.2 | 3.49 | m | m | m | 72.3 | 4.4 | 23.1 | 0.1 | |
2021 | 22,457.7 | 3.40 | 60.7 | 23.3 | 15.8 | 72.4 | 4.4 | 23.0 | 0.1 | |
2022 | 24,336.0 | 3.41 | m | m | m | 73.7 | 4.2 | 22.0 | 0.1 | |
United Kingdom
9) | 1981 | 11,811.0 | 2.24 | 42.0 | 48.1 | 9.9 | 63.0 | 20.6 | 13.6 | 2.8 |
1982 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1983 | 12,763.8 | 2.06 | 43.1 | 49.0 | 7.8 | 62.5 | 20.4 | 14.3 | 2.9 | |
1984 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1985 | 14,707.6 | 2.09 | 45.9 | 43.5 | 10.6 | 64.4 | 18.3 | 14.7 | 2.6 | |
1986 | 15,580.1 | 2.10 | 47.2 | 41.1 | 11.7 | 69.0 | 14.1 | 14.9 | 2.0 | |
1987 | 16,191.6 | 2.02 | 48.8 | 39.5 | 11.7 | 68.7 | 13.7 | 15.8 | 1.8 | |
1988 | 17,188.3 | 1.96 | 51.5 | 36.5 | 12.0 | 69.0 | 13.6 | 15.7 | 1.8 | |
1989 | 18,254.0 | 1.95 | 50.6 | 36.4 | 13.0 | 69.1 | 13.9 | 15.3 | 1.8 | |
1990 | 19,015.2 | 1.95 | 49.6 | 35.5 | 14.9 | 69.4 | 13.1 | 15.6 | 2.0 | |
1991 | 18,689.7 | 1.87 | 49.6 | 35.0 | 15.4 | 67.1 | 14.5 | 16.7 | 1.8 | |
1992 | 18,858.0 | 1.84 | 51.3 | 33.1 | 15.7 | 66.0 | 14.9 | 17.2 | 1.8 | |
1993 | 20,042.4 | 1.86 | 51.7 | 32.1 | 16.2 | 66.1 | 14.6 | 17.5 | 1.8 | |
1994 | 20,946.7 | 1.84 | 50.3 | 32.7 | 16.9 | 64.6 | 15.0 | 19.2 | 1.2 | |
1995 | 19,671.8 | 1.65 | 48.2 | 32.8 | 19.0 | 65.0 | 14.6 | 19.2 | 1.3 | |
1996 | 20,103.5 | 1.58 | 47.6 | 31.5 | 20.9 | 64.9 | 14.4 | 19.5 | 1.2 | |
1997 | 20,677.9 | 1.54 | 49.9 | 30.7 | 19.4 | 65.2 | 13.8 | 19.7 | 1.3 | |
1998 | 21,443.2 | 1.55 | 47.6 | 30.6 | 21.8 | 65.6 | 13.5 | 19.7 | 1.3 | |
1999 | 23,323.5 | 1.62 | 48.5 | 29.2 | 22.3 | 66.8 | 12.2 | 19.6 | 1.4 | |
2000 | 25,148.9 | 1.61 | 48.3 | 30.2 | 21.5 | 65.0 | 12.6 | 20.6 | 1.8 | |
2001 | 26,330.6 | 1.60 | 45.5 | 28.9 | 25.6 | 65.5 | 10.0 | 22.7 | 1.8 | |
2002 | 27,871.4 | 1.61 | 43.5 | 28.9 | 27.6 | 64.8 | 9.2 | 24.0 | 1.9 | |
2003 | 28,595.8 | 1.58 | 42.2 | 31.7 | 26.1 | 63.7 | 10.4 | 24.0 | 1.9 | |
2004 | 29,438.1 | 1.53 | 44.1 | 32.9 | 23.0 | 62.6 | 10.7 | 24.7 | 2.0 | |
2005 | 30,639.7 | 1.55 | 42.1 | 32.7 | 25.2 | 61.4 | 10.6 | 25.7 | 2.3 | |
2006 | 33,314.3 | 1.58 | 45.2 | 31.9 | 22.9 | 61.7 | 10.0 | 26.1 | 2.2 | |
2007 | 35,252.6 | 1.62 | 46.0 | 30.9 | 23.1 | 62.5 | 9.2 | 26.1 | 2.2 | |
2008 | 36,542.0 | 1.61 | 45.4 | 30.7 | 23.9 | 62.0 | 9.2 | 26.5 | 2.4 | |
2009 | 36,422.8 | 1.67 | 44.5 | 32.6 | 22.9 | 60.4 | 9.2 | 27.9 | 2.5 | |
2010 | 37,533.2 | 1.64 | 44.0 | 32.3 | 23.7 | 60.9 | 9.5 | 27.0 | 2.5 | |
2011 | 38,778.6 | 1.65 | 45.9 | 30.5 | 23.7 | 63.6 | 8.6 | 26.0 | 1.8 | |
2012 | 38,490.2 | 1.58 | 45.6 | 28.7 | 25.7 | 63.3 | 8.0 | 26.7 | 1.9 | |
2013 | 41,532.1 | 1.62 | 46.2 | 29.1 | 24.7 | 63.9 | 7.9 | 26.4 | 1.8 | |
2014 | 60,396.7 | 2.26 | m | m | m | 74.7 | 5.3 | 18.7 | 1.3 | |
2015 | 62,972.8 | 2.28 | m | m | m | 76.0 | 4.8 | 17.6 | 1.6 | |
2016 | 67,116.3 | 2.32 | m | m | m | 77.1 | 4.7 | 16.7 | 1.6 | |
2017 | 70,754.9 | 2.33 | m | m | m | 77.1 | 4.6 | 16.8 | 1.6 | |
2018 | 84,852.3 | 2.71 | 58.2 | 18.2 | 23.6 | 70.2 | 4.5 | 23.9 | 1.3 | |
2019 | 89,094.8 | 2.67 | 59.0 | 18.0 | 23.1 | 70.7 | 4.5 | 23.5 | 1.4 | |
2020 | 94,639.0 | 2.94 | 57.4 | 19.6 | 23.0 | 71.1 | 5.0 | 22.4 | 1.5 | |
2021 | 102,609.1 | 2.90 | 58.5 | 19.4 | 22.1 | 70.9 | 5.1 | 22.5 | 1.5 | |
2022 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Japan
10) | 1981 | 24,022.9 | 2.00 | 67.7 | 24.9 | 7.4 | 66.0 | 12.0 | 17.6 | 4.5 |
1982 | 27,398.7 | 2.08 | 69.2 | 23.5 | 7.4 | 67.2 | 11.2 | 17.1 | 4.6 | |
1983 | 31,055.9 | 2.19 | 70.7 | 21.9 | 7.4 | 68.9 | 10.4 | 16.5 | 4.2 | |
1984 | 34,986.7 | 2.28 | 72.3 | 20.5 | 7.2 | 70.3 | 9.9 | 15.5 | 4.2 | |
1985 | 40,389.6 | 2.43 | 74.0 | 19.1 | 6.9 | 71.8 | 9.8 | 14.2 | 4.2 | |
1986 | 41,960.9 | 2.40 | 73.7 | 19.4 | 6.9 | 71.5 | 9.8 | 14.0 | 4.7 | |
1987 | 46,083.6 | 2.45 | 73.5 | 19.6 | 6.9 | 70.9 | 10.3 | 14.0 | 4.8 | |
1988 | 51,404.1 | 2.48 | 75.4 | 18.1 | 6.5 | 72.7 | 9.4 | 13.3 | 4.6 | |
1989 | 58,362.5 | 2.58 | 77.1 | 16.8 | 6.1 | 74.3 | 8.6 | 12.5 | 4.5 | |
1990 | 65,440.7 | 2.66 | 77.9 | 16.1 | 6.0 | 75.5 | 8.0 | 12.2 | 4.4 | |
1991 | 69,205.3 | 2.63 | 77.4 | 16.4 | 6.2 | 75.4 | 8.1 | 12.1 | 4.4 | |
1992 | 70,030.8 | 2.58 | 76.0 | 17.5 | 6.4 | 73.5 | 8.9 | 12.8 | 4.7 | |
1993 | 69,864.3 | 2.52 | 73.4 | 19.7 | 6.9 | 71.1 | 10.0 | 14.0 | 4.9 | |
1994 | 70,608.4 | 2.47 | 73.4 | 19.5 | 7.0 | 71.1 | 9.7 | 14.1 | 5.0 | |
1995 | 76,727.7 | 2.56 | 72.3 | 20.9 | 6.8 | 70.3 | 10.4 | 14.5 | 4.8 | |
1996 | 83,096.6 | 2.64 | 73.4 | 18.7 | 7.9 | 71.1 | 9.4 | 14.8 | 4.8 | |
1997 | 87,901.8 | 2.72 | 74.0 | 18.2 | 7.8 | 72.0 | 8.8 | 14.3 | 4.8 | |
1998 | 91,169.8 | 2.83 | 72.6 | 19.3 | 8.1 | 71.2 | 9.2 | 14.8 | 4.7 | |
1999 | 92,773.7 | 2.85 | 72.2 | 19.6 | 8.2 | 70.7 | 9.9 | 14.8 | 4.6 | |
2000 | 98,935.2 | 2.86 | 72.4 | 19.6 | 8.0 | 71.0 | 9.9 | 14.5 | 4.6 | |
2001 | 103,866.8 | 2.92 | 73.1 | 19.0 | 7.9 | 73.7 | 9.5 | 14.5 | 2.3 | |
2002 | 108,166.2 | 2.97 | 74.1 | 18.4 | 7.6 | 74.4 | 9.5 | 13.9 | 2.1 | |
2003 | 112,362.1 | 2.99 | 74.6 | 18.0 | 7.3 | 75.0 | 9.3 | 13.7 | 2.1 | |
2004 | 117,430.0 | 2.98 | 74.8 | 18.1 | 7.1 | 75.2 | 9.5 | 13.4 | 1.9 | |
2005 | 128,694.6 | 3.13 | 76.1 | 16.8 | 7.1 | 76.4 | 8.3 | 13.4 | 1.9 | |
2006 | 138,799.6 | 3.23 | 77.1 | 16.2 | 6.7 | 77.2 | 8.3 | 12.7 | 1.9 | |
2007 | 147,575.8 | 3.29 | 77.7 | 15.6 | 6.7 | 77.9 | 7.8 | 12.6 | 1.7 | |
2008 | 148,719.2 | 3.29 | 78.2 | 15.6 | 6.2 | 78.5 | 8.3 | 11.6 | 1.6 | |
2009 | 137,283.9 | 3.20 | 75.3 | 17.7 | 7.1 | 75.8 | 9.2 | 13.4 | 1.6 | |
2010 | 140,511.5 | 3.10 | 75.9 | 17.2 | 6.9 | 76.5 | 9.0 | 12.9 | 1.6 | |
2011 | 148,389.2 | 3.21 | 76.5 | 16.4 | 7.1 | 77.0 | 8.4 | 13.2 | 1.5 | |
2012 | 152,325.6 | 3.17 | 76.1 | 16.8 | 7.0 | 76.6 | 8.6 | 13.4 | 1.4 | |
2013 | 164,655.8 | 3.28 | 75.5 | 17.3 | 7.2 | 76.1 | 9.2 | 13.5 | 1.3 | |
2014 | 169,554.1 | 3.37 | 77.3 | 16.0 | 6.7 | 77.8 | 8.3 | 12.6 | 1.3 | |
2015 | 168,514.0 | 3.24 | 78.0 | 15.4 | 6.6 | 78.5 | 7.9 | 12.3 | 1.3 | |
2016 | 160,269.3 | 3.11 | 78.1 | 15.0 | 6.9 | 78.8 | 7.5 | 12.3 | 1.4 | |
2017 | 166,621.7 | 3.17 | 78.3 | 15.0 | 6.7 | 78.8 | 7.8 | 12.0 | 1.4 | |
2018 | 172,035.8 | 3.22 | 79.1 | 14.6 | 6.4 | 79.4 | 7.8 | 11.6 | 1.3 | |
2019 | 173,928.4 | 3.22 | 78.9 | 14.7 | 6.4 | 79.2 | 7.8 | 11.7 | 1.3 | |
2020 | 174,926.4 | 3.26 | 78.3 | 15.2 | 6.5 | 78.7 | 8.3 | 11.7 | 1.4 | |
2021 | 183,467.4 | 3.28 | 78.1 | 15.5 | 6.5 | 78.6 | 8.4 | 11.9 | 1.2 | |
2022 | 200,769.8 | 3.41 | 78.5 | 15.1 | 6.4 | 79.4 | 7.9 | 11.5 | 1.2 | |
Canada
11) | 1981 | 3,893.1 | 1.20 | 40.8 | 50.6 | 8.6 | 48.1 | 24.4 | 26.7 | 0.8 |
1982 | 4,471.0 | 1.34 | 37.9 | 52.2 | 9.9 | 47.9 | 25.0 | 26.4 | 0.8 | |
1983 | 4,659.9 | 1.31 | 34.7 | 52.8 | 12.6 | 47.2 | 25.7 | 26.3 | 0.7 | |
1984 | 5,245.7 | 1.34 | 35.4 | 51.9 | 12.7 | 48.7 | 25.7 | 24.8 | 0.8 | |
1985 | 5,825.1 | 1.38 | 40.0 | 48.1 | 11.8 | 52.7 | 22.7 | 23.8 | 0.8 | |
1986 | 6,230.1 | 1.42 | 41.4 | 46.9 | 11.7 | 53.9 | 21.8 | 23.5 | 0.8 | |
1987 | 6,423.1 | 1.37 | 41.0 | 45.2 | 13.8 | 55.2 | 20.5 | 23.5 | 0.8 | |
1988 | 6,856.6 | 1.35 | 40.3 | 43.8 | 15.9 | 54.5 | 19.7 | 24.8 | 1.0 | |
1989 | 7,641.0 | 1.42 | 38.3 | 46.6 | 15.1 | 50.2 | 19.0 | 29.9 | 0.9 | |
1990 | 8,263.8 | 1.48 | 38.6 | 45.9 | 15.5 | 50.4 | 19.1 | 29.6 | 1.0 | |
1991 | 8,702.4 | 1.53 | 38.2 | 45.7 | 16.1 | 49.7 | 18.7 | 30.6 | 1.0 | |
1992 | 9,235.2 | 1.58 | 39.2 | 45.1 | 15.7 | 50.6 | 17.7 | 31.0 | 0.6 | |
1993 | 10,030.6 | 1.63 | 41.2 | 42.3 | 16.5 | 52.7 | 16.6 | 30.0 | 0.6 | |
1994 | 11,057.5 | 1.68 | 44.0 | 38.1 | 17.9 | 56.7 | 15.1 | 27.5 | 0.6 | |
1995 | 11,381.7 | 1.65 | 45.7 | 35.9 | 18.4 | 58.1 | 14.4 | 26.8 | 0.7 | |
1996 | 11,442.7 | 1.61 | 46.3 | 33.7 | 20.0 | 57.9 | 14.7 | 26.8 | 0.6 | |
1997 | 12,190.9 | 1.61 | 48.0 | 32.0 | 20.0 | 59.7 | 13.2 | 26.5 | 0.6 | |
1998 | 13,575.9 | 1.71 | 45.7 | 30.3 | 23.9 | 60.2 | 12.2 | 27.2 | 0.5 | |
1999 | 14,810.9 | 1.75 | 44.9 | 31.2 | 23.9 | 59.0 | 11.9 | 28.8 | 0.4 | |
2000 | 16,744.9 | 1.86 | 44.9 | 29.3 | 25.8 | 60.3 | 11.2 | 28.2 | 0.3 | |
2001 | 18,954.3 | 2.02 | 50.3 | 29.2 | 20.5 | 61.7 | 10.3 | 27.8 | 0.3 | |
2002 | 19,145.3 | 1.97 | 51.5 | 31.6 | 16.9 | 57.6 | 10.5 | 31.7 | 0.3 | |
2003 | 20,144.2 | 1.97 | 50.3 | 31.4 | 18.2 | 57.1 | 9.6 | 33.0 | 0.4 | |
2004 | 21,643.4 | 2.00 | 50.2 | 31.0 | 18.8 | 56.8 | 8.9 | 34.0 | 0.4 | |
2005 | 23,090.0 | 1.97 | 49.3 | 31.8 | 18.9 | 55.8 | 9.7 | 34.0 | 0.5 | |
2006 | 24,124.6 | 1.94 | 51.2 | 31.1 | 17.8 | 56.7 | 9.7 | 33.1 | 0.5 | |
2007 | 24,776.8 | 1.90 | 49.2 | 32.0 | 18.8 | 55.8 | 9.7 | 33.9 | 0.5 | |
2008 | 24,911.9 | 1.86 | 49.5 | 34.0 | 16.5 | 54.1 | 9.8 | 35.5 | 0.6 | |
2009 | 25,060.6 | 1.92 | 48.5 | 34.6 | 16.9 | 53.2 | 10.4 | 35.9 | 0.4 | |
2010 | 24,885.8 | 1.83 | 47.2 | 34.9 | 18.0 | 52.0 | 10.6 | 37.0 | 0.4 | |
2011 | 25,570.5 | 1.79 | 49.1 | 33.8 | 17.1 | 53.3 | 9.0 | 37.3 | 0.4 | |
2012 | 26,029.9 | 1.77 | 47.4 | 34.1 | 18.5 | 51.5 | 8.6 | 39.4 | 0.5 | |
2013 | 26,517.1 | 1.71 | 46.6 | 33.8 | 19.6 | 51.1 | 8.9 | 39.5 | 0.5 | |
2014 | 27,804.1 | 1.71 | 45.7 | 32.1 | 22.2 | 53.2 | 8.6 | 37.7 | 0.4 | |
2015 | 27,010.3 | 1.69 | 43.9 | 31.7 | 24.4 | 53.3 | 7.0 | 39.3 | 0.5 | |
2016 | 29,014.6 | 1.73 | 42.7 | 30.9 | 26.4 | 53.5 | 6.6 | 39.4 | 0.4 | |
2017 | 29,788.7 | 1.69 | 43.1 | 32.4 | 24.5 | 52.7 | 7.0 | 39.8 | 0.5 | |
2018 | 32,190.0 | 1.74 | 44.3 | 31.3 | 24.4 | 53.7 | 7.0 | 38.9 | 0.4 | |
2019 | 33,354.4 | 1.76 | 43.9 | 31.5 | 24.6 | 54.0 | 6.7 | 38.9 | 0.5 | |
2020 | 35,739.7 | 1.93 | 44.6 | 31.1 | 24.4 | 55.1 | 7.4 | 37.0 | 0.4 | |
2021 | 39,767.3 | 1.86 | 46.4 | 29.0 | 24.6 | 58.1 | 6.0 | 35.4 | 0.4 | |
2022 | 41,351.0 | 1.71 | 46.7 | 28.8 | 24.5 | 58.6 | 6.1 | 34.9 | 0.4 | |
South Korea
12) | 1981 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
1982 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1983 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1984 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1985 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1986 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1987 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1988 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1989 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1990 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1991 | 7,034.9 | 1.71 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1992 | 8,009.4 | 1.80 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1993 | 9,517.0 | 1.95 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1994 | 11,530.9 | 2.12 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
1995 | 13,153.9 | 2.16 | 76.3 | 19.0 | 4.7 | 73.7 | 17.0 | 8.2 | 1.1 | |
1996 | 14,824.9 | 2.22 | 74.9 | 20.3 | 4.9 | 73.2 | 16.2 | 9.4 | 1.2 | |
1997 | 16,243.2 | 2.25 | 72.5 | 22.9 | 4.6 | 72.6 | 15.8 | 10.4 | 1.2 | |
1998 | 14,626.7 | 2.11 | 69.1 | 25.9 | 4.9 | 70.3 | 17.5 | 11.2 | 1.1 | |
1999 | 15,792.6 | 2.02 | 70.0 | 24.9 | 5.1 | 71.4 | 14.5 | 12.0 | 2.1 | |
2000 | 18,520.6 | 2.13 | 72.4 | 23.9 | 3.7 | 74.0 | 13.3 | 11.3 | 1.4 | |
2001 | 21,290.5 | 2.28 | 72.5 | 25.0 | 2.6 | 76.2 | 12.4 | 10.4 | 1.0 | |
2002 | 22,506.8 | 2.21 | 72.2 | 25.4 | 2.4 | 74.9 | 13.4 | 10.4 | 1.3 | |
2003 | 24,098.1 | 2.28 | 74.0 | 23.9 | 2.1 | 76.1 | 12.6 | 10.1 | 1.2 | |
2004 | 27,916.2 | 2.44 | 75.0 | 23.1 | 1.9 | 76.7 | 12.1 | 10.1 | 1.2 | |
2005 | 30,618.3 | 2.52 | 75.0 | 23.0 | 2.0 | 76.9 | 11.9 | 9.9 | 1.4 | |
2006 | 35,412.0 | 2.72 | 75.4 | 23.1 | 1.5 | 77.3 | 11.6 | 10.0 | 1.2 | |
2007 | 40,646.6 | 2.87 | 73.7 | 24.8 | 1.6 | 76.2 | 11.7 | 10.7 | 1.5 | |
2008 | 43,906.4 | 2.99 | 72.9 | 25.4 | 1.7 | 75.4 | 12.1 | 11.1 | 1.4 | |
2009 | 45,784.1 | 3.15 | 71.1 | 27.4 | 1.5 | 74.3 | 13.0 | 11.1 | 1.6 | |
2010 | 52,146.6 | 3.32 | 71.8 | 26.7 | 1.4 | 74.8 | 12.7 | 10.8 | 1.7 | |
2011 | 58,379.7 | 3.59 | 73.7 | 24.9 | 1.4 | 76.5 | 11.7 | 10.1 | 1.6 | |
2012 | 64,862.5 | 3.85 | 74.7 | 23.8 | 1.4 | 77.9 | 11.3 | 9.5 | 1.3 | |
2013 | 68,234.1 | 3.95 | 75.7 | 22.8 | 1.5 | 78.5 | 10.9 | 9.2 | 1.3 | |
2014 | 73,099.8 | 4.08 | 75.3 | 23.0 | 1.7 | 78.2 | 11.2 | 9.0 | 1.5 | |
2015 | 76,922.0 | 3.98 | 74.5 | 23.7 | 1.8 | 77.5 | 11.7 | 9.1 | 1.6 | |
2016 | 80,816.0 | 3.99 | 75.4 | 22.7 | 1.9 | 77.7 | 11.5 | 9.1 | 1.6 | |
2017 | 90,289.9 | 4.29 | 76.2 | 21.6 | 2.2 | 79.4 | 10.7 | 8.5 | 1.4 | |
2018 | 100,282.6 | 4.52 | 76.6 | 20.6 | 2.8 | 80.3 | 10.1 | 8.2 | 1.4 | |
2019 | 105,064.4 | 4.63 | 76.9 | 20.7 | 2.4 | 80.3 | 10.0 | 8.3 | 1.4 | |
2020 | 112,221.2 | 4.80 | 76.6 | 22.4 | 1.0 | 79.1 | 10.1 | 9.0 | 1.8 | |
2021 | 123,459.9 | 4.91 | 76.1 | 22.8 | 1.1 | 79.1 | 9.8 | 9.1 | 2.0 | |
2022 | 138,995.2 | 5.21 | 76.3 | 22.6 | 1.1 | 79.4 | 9.4 | 9.1 | 2.1 | |
United States
13) | 1981 | 72,750.0 | 2.27 | 49.4 | 47.8 | 2.8 | 69.3 | 18.5 | 9.7 | 2.5 |
1982 | 81,166.0 | 2.43 | 50.1 | 47.0 | 2.8 | 70.4 | 17.8 | 9.4 | 2.4 | |
1983 | 90,403.0 | 2.49 | 50.1 | 47.1 | 2.9 | 70.4 | 18.0 | 9.1 | 2.4 | |
1984 | 102,874.0 | 2.55 | 50.7 | 46.5 | 2.8 | 71.0 | 17.6 | 8.9 | 2.4 | |
1985 | 115,219.0 | 2.66 | 50.3 | 46.9 | 2.8 | 71.5 | 17.2 | 8.9 | 2.4 | |
1986 | 120,562.0 | 2.63 | 50.6 | 46.4 | 3.0 | 71.3 | 16.8 | 9.6 | 2.4 | |
1987 | 126,666.0 | 2.61 | 49.4 | 47.4 | 3.2 | 71.2 | 16.3 | 10.1 | 2.4 | |
1988 | 134,203.0 | 2.56 | 50.7 | 45.9 | 3.4 | 70.7 | 16.3 | 10.6 | 2.4 | |
1989 | 142,228.0 | 2.52 | 52.7 | 43.6 | 3.6 | 70.2 | 16.2 | 11.0 | 2.6 | |
1990 | 152,392.0 | 2.56 | 54.6 | 41.6 | 3.8 | 70.5 | 15.7 | 11.1 | 2.7 | |
1991 | 161,391.0 | 2.62 | 57.2 | 38.9 | 3.9 | 71.1 | 14.8 | 11.3 | 2.9 | |
1992 | 165,838.0 | 2.54 | 58.0 | 37.9 | 4.0 | 70.4 | 14.9 | 11.7 | 3.0 | |
1993 | 166,153.0 | 2.42 | 58.1 | 37.6 | 4.3 | 69.5 | 15.0 | 12.3 | 3.2 | |
1994 | 169,621.0 | 2.33 | 58.5 | 37.0 | 4.5 | 69.2 | 14.8 | 12.7 | 3.3 | |
1995 | 184,086.0 | 2.41 | 60.2 | 35.4 | 4.4 | 70.5 | 14.0 | 12.3 | 3.2 | |
1996 | 197,802.0 | 2.45 | 62.4 | 33.2 | 4.4 | 72.0 | 12.9 | 12.0 | 3.1 | |
1997 | 212,478.0 | 2.48 | 64.1 | 31.5 | 4.4 | 73.1 | 12.1 | 11.6 | 3.1 | |
1998 | 226,227.0 | 2.50 | 65.3 | 30.2 | 4.5 | 73.9 | 11.6 | 11.3 | 3.2 | |
1999 | 244,980.0 | 2.54 | 67.2 | 28.3 | 4.5 | 74.3 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 3.3 | |
2000 | 268,558.0 | 2.62 | 69.2 | 26.1 | 4.7 | 74.5 | 10.8 | 11.1 | 3.6 | |
2001 | 279,061.0 | 2.64 | 67.5 | 27.5 | 5.0 | 72.4 | 11.9 | 11.7 | 3.9 | |
2002 | 278,414.0 | 2.55 | 64.9 | 29.4 | 5.7 | 69.6 | 12.9 | 13.2 | 4.3 | |
2003 | 292,157.0 | 2.55 | 63.7 | 30.4 | 5.9 | 68.7 | 13.0 | 13.9 | 4.4 | |
2004 | 303,824.0 | 2.49 | 63.0 | 31.2 | 5.8 | 68.6 | 12.7 | 14.3 | 4.5 | |
2005 | 326,231.0 | 2.50 | 63.7 | 30.4 | 5.9 | 69.3 | 12.4 | 13.9 | 4.4 | |
2006 | 351,669.0 | 2.55 | 64.6 | 29.6 | 5.8 | 70.4 | 12.1 | 13.5 | 4.0 | |
2007 | 378,524.0 | 2.62 | 65.2 | 28.9 | 5.9 | 71.1 | 11.9 | 13.1 | 3.9 | |
2008 | 405,405.0 | 2.74 | 59.8 | 30.2 | 10.0 | 71.7 | 11.5 | 12.8 | 3.9 | |
2009 | 404,200.0 | 2.79 | 58.2 | 32.5 | 9.3 | 69.9 | 12.2 | 13.6 | 4.4 | |
2010 | 408,495.0 | 2.71 | 57.1 | 32.5 | 10.4 | 68.3 | 13.0 | 14.2 | 4.5 | |
2011 | 427,125.0 | 2.74 | 58.7 | 31.0 | 10.3 | 68.9 | 12.9 | 14.1 | 4.2 | |
2012 | 434,424.0 | 2.67 | 59.5 | 29.6 | 10.8 | 69.6 | 12.3 | 14.0 | 4.1 | |
2013 | 455,089.0 | 2.70 | 61.1 | 27.5 | 11.4 | 70.9 | 11.5 | 13.5 | 4.1 | |
2014 | 476,971.0 | 2.71 | 61.9 | 25.9 | 12.1 | 71.4 | 11.3 | 13.1 | 4.2 | |
2015 | 507,372.0 | 2.77 | 63.3 | 24.7 | 12.0 | 72.4 | 10.8 | 12.7 | 4.1 | |
2016 | 533,451.0 | 2.84 | 64.0 | 23.3 | 12.7 | 73.2 | 9.8 | 12.7 | 4.3 | |
2017 | 565,529.0 | 2.88 | 63.5 | 22.7 | 13.8 | 73.7 | 9.6 | 12.6 | 4.2 | |
2018 | 617,722.0 | 2.99 | 64.1 | 22.3 | 13.6 | 74.1 | 9.7 | 12.1 | 4.0 | |
2019 | 677,286.0 | 3.15 | 65.7 | 21.1 | 13.2 | 75.1 | 9.6 | 11.5 | 3.8 | |
2020 | 730,241.0 | 3.42 | 66.3 | 21.3 | 12.4 | 76.0 | 9.2 | 11.1 | 3.7 | |
2021 | 821,811.0 | 3.48 | 68.9 | 18.8 | 12.3 | 77.9 | 8.3 | 10.4 | 3.3 | |
2022 | 923,243.0 | 3.59 | 70.0 | 18.1 | 11.9 | 79.0 | 8.2 | 9.9 | 3.0 |
Source: German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, calculations; OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators July 2024
This table also appears in the Federal Report on Research and Innovation as Table 3.
Notes:
1) Nominal expenditures converted into US dollar purchasing power parities.
2) Including general funding for higher education research.
3) PNP: private non-profit institutions.
4) Some figures are revised, provisional, estimated or only partly comparable with figures from previous years or include other sectors (see original edition of "Main Science and Technology Indicators July 2024").
5) Until 1990, western German Länder only. From 1991 to 2021, the PNP sector is included in the performance data of the government sector. As of 2016, increases of expenditure on higher education are partly due to an methodological adjustment of the R&D coefficients. Differences in the R&D ratio compared to Table 1.1.1 are due to methodological reasons, as recalculations by the Federal Statistical Office resulting from a GDP revision could not yet be taken into account by the OECD.
6) As of 1995, funds received by the state research institutes from external sources are excluded from government allocations. From 1998 to 2004, due to methodological reasons funds from other foreign enterprises were merged with business enterprise funds thus reducing the share of funds coming from the rest of the world.
7) From 1981 to 1990, including extramural R&D expenditure. From 1986 to 1996, financing data of other national sources and abroad exclude other national sources.
8) Performance data of the government sector, from 1981 to 2004, only central government expenditure. In 1995, performance data of the higher education sector exclude most or all capital expenditure. From 1981 to 1991, business enterprise sector, government sector and PNP sector exclude R&D in the social sciences and humanities. As of 1998, excluding funding by public research foundations. 2015 data on GERD financed by the government sector and foreign sources are considered confidential.
9) For the years from 2014 onwards, estimates for R&D expenditure in the Business enterprise sector and in the Higher education sector were significantly revised by the United Kingdom. These changes reflect an uplift recalibration to account for under-sampled businesses performing R&D and the adoption of more comprehensive administrative data on expenditures for higher education institutions.
10) Government budget allocations for R&D data represent the budget for science and technology and cover central government only.
11) Until 2014, share of performance by the business enterprise sector: definition differs.
12) Until 2006, excluding R&D in the social sciences and humanities.
13) Excludes most or all capital expenditure (included in the business enterpreise and government sector only). Until 2008, government sector R&D performance covers only federal government activities. From 1981 to 2007, financing from foreign sources is included in the business enterprise sector, as of 2008, it is included in other national sources and abroad. Until 2002, the higher education sector excludes R&D in the social sciences and humanities.
m = data not available.
y = data included in another position.
z = value not stated for reasons of confidentiality, but included in the total.
Last update: September 11, 2024
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-nc-1-0)