Tab.1.3.1,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
"Gross domestic expenditure on research and development, by funding and performing sectors in selected OECD countries",,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
,,R&D expenditure,R&D expenditure,Financed by,Financed by,Financed by,Performed by,Performed by,Performed by,Performed by
,,Total 1),Share of GDP,Business enterprise sector,Government sector,Other national sources and abroad,Business enterprise sector,Government sector,Higher education sector 2),PNP sector 3)
Country,Year 4),Millions of US dollars,Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%)
Germany 5),1981,18825.7,2.35,56.8,41.8,1.4,69,13.4,17.1,0.5
Germany 5),1982,20491.1,2.42,56.9,41.7,1.4,70.3,13,16.2,0.5
Germany 5),1983,21529.6,2.41,60.3,38.2,1.5,70.2,13.4,15.9,0.5
Germany 5),1984,23119.6,2.43,59.6,38.9,1.5,70.7,13.2,15.6,0.4
Germany 5),1985,25982.1,2.59,62.3,36.3,1.4,72,12.8,14.7,0.4
Germany 5),1986,27586.4,2.63,62.1,36.3,1.6,72.1,12.9,14.6,0.4
Germany 5),1987,29723.3,2.73,64.4,33.9,1.7,72.2,12.8,14.5,0.5
Germany 5),1988,31932.9,2.73,63.7,34.2,2.2,72.4,12.8,14.4,0.5
Germany 5),1989,34247.1,2.71,63.7,33.7,2.6,72.3,13,14.2,0.5
Germany 5),1990,35943.7,2.61,63.5,33.8,2.7,72.1,12.9,14.6,0.5
Germany 5),1991,40066.9,2.38,61.7,35.8,2.5,69.3,14.4,16.2,y
Germany 5),1992,39779.7,2.26,61.2,36.4,2.4,68.7,14.2,17.1,y
Germany 5),1993,39135,2.2,60.8,37.2,2,67.1,15.2,17.6,y
Germany 5),1994,39448.6,2.12,60.4,37.5,2.1,66.6,15.2,18.1,y
Germany 5),1995,41068.9,2.13,60.2,37.7,2.1,66.3,15.5,18.2,y
Germany 5),1996,42285.3,2.14,59.6,38.1,2.3,66,15.3,18.7,y
Germany 5),1997,44104.3,2.18,61.4,35.9,2.7,67.4,14.6,18,y
Germany 5),1998,46083.9,2.21,62.5,34.7,2.8,68,14.7,17.4,y
Germany 5),1999,50677.5,2.33,65.3,32.2,2.5,69.5,13.7,16.7,y
Germany 5),2000,53892.1,2.39,65.9,31.6,2.5,70,13.5,16.4,y
Germany 5),2001,56186.3,2.38,65.5,31.7,2.9,69.6,13.7,16.8,y
Germany 5),2002,58637.4,2.41,65.4,31.8,2.8,69,13.7,17.3,y
Germany 5),2003,61087.8,2.44,66.2,31.3,2.6,69.5,13.4,17.2,y
Germany 5),2004,62964.8,2.4,66.5,30.6,2.9,69.6,13.6,16.7,y
Germany 5),2005,64028.3,2.4,67.5,28.5,4,69.2,14.1,16.8,y
Germany 5),2006,69570.7,2.43,68.1,27.8,4.2,69.8,13.8,16.4,y
Germany 5),2007,73467.9,2.42,68,27.6,4.4,70,13.9,16.1,y
Germany 5),2008,81172.6,2.57,67.2,28.5,4.3,69.2,14,16.8,y
Germany 5),2009,82697.1,2.69,66.1,29.8,4.1,67.5,14.8,17.7,y
Germany 5),2010,86954.8,2.68,65.5,30.4,4.1,67,14.8,18.2,y
Germany 5),2011,95810,2.75,65.6,29.9,4.5,67.6,14.5,17.9,y
Germany 5),2012,100490.1,2.82,66.1,29.2,4.7,68,14.3,17.7,y
Germany 5),2013,102905.5,2.78,65.4,29.1,5.5,67.2,14.9,17.9,y
Germany 5),2014,109562.7,2.82,66,28.7,5.3,67.7,14.6,17.7,y
Germany 5),2015,114128.2,2.88,65.7,27.9,6.4,68.7,14.1,17.3,y
Germany 5),2016,122472.2,2.88,65.2,28.5,6.3,68.2,13.8,18,y
Germany 5),2017,133668,2.99,66.2,27.7,6.1,69.1,13.5,17.4,y
Germany 5),2018,142320.2,3.05,66,27.8,6.1,68.9,13.5,17.6,y
Germany 5),2019,153293.2,3.11,64.5,27.8,7.7,68.9,13.7,17.4,y
Germany 5),2020,150788.8,3.09,62.6,29.7,7.7,66.6,14.6,18.7,y
Germany 5),2021,160158.6,3.08,62.8,30,7.3,66.9,14.8,18.3,y
Germany 5),2022,173935.9,3.07,m,m,m,67.4,12.1,18.1,2.4
Germany 5),2023,178970.4,3.11,m,m,m,68.3,12.1,17.2,2.4
Belgium,1981,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Belgium,1982,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Belgium,1983,1842,1.5,64.8,33.4,1.8,70.6,5.6,19.2,4.6
Belgium,1984,1971.1,1.51,66.2,31.8,2,71,5.3,19.4,4.3
Belgium,1985,2135.8,1.56,66.5,31.6,1.9,71.5,5.5,18.7,4.3
Belgium,1986,2223,1.56,69.2,28.7,2.1,72.4,5.1,18.5,4
Belgium,1987,2348.8,1.57,70.7,27.6,1.8,72.9,4.4,18.9,3.8
Belgium,1988,2474.3,1.53,71.6,26.7,1.7,73.6,4.6,18.2,3.7
Belgium,1989,2754,1.58,63.9,32,4.1,67,6.1,25.7,1.2
Belgium,1990,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Belgium,1991,3055,1.56,64.8,31.3,3.9,66.5,6.1,26.2,1.2
Belgium,1992,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Belgium,1993,3377,1.64,66.5,23.5,10,71.6,5,22,1.4
Belgium,1994,3539.6,1.63,66.8,22.9,10.2,71.3,4.9,22.2,1.5
Belgium,1995,3745.7,1.65,67.1,23.1,9.8,71.3,4.8,22.5,1.4
Belgium,1996,4025.1,1.74,67.6,23,9.4,71.6,5.5,21.5,1.4
Belgium,1997,4371.9,1.81,67.6,22.2,10.2,71.6,5.5,21.6,1.3
Belgium,1998,4570.5,1.84,65.7,23.8,10.6,71,6,21.7,1.3
Belgium,1999,4957.9,1.91,66.2,23.5,10.3,71.6,6.2,21,1.2
Belgium,2000,5515.5,1.94,62.4,22.9,14.7,72.3,6.3,20.2,1.2
Belgium,2001,6021.5,2.03,63.4,22,14.6,73,6.2,19.7,1.2
Belgium,2002,5955.3,1.9,59.4,23.2,17.4,70.4,7.2,21.2,1.3
Belgium,2003,5909.9,1.84,60.3,23.5,16.1,69.7,6.8,22.2,1.3
Belgium,2004,6083.1,1.82,60.2,24.4,15.4,69.1,7.7,21.8,1.4
Belgium,2005,6225.2,1.79,59.7,24.7,15.7,68,8.4,22.3,1.3
Belgium,2006,6778.8,1.82,61,22.4,16.6,69.3,8,21.3,1.4
Belgium,2007,7233.9,1.85,61.4,22.2,16.5,69.5,8.1,21.1,1.3
Belgium,2008,7858.3,1.94,61,23.2,15.8,68.3,8.9,21.8,1
Belgium,2009,8145.3,1.99,58.7,25.3,16,66.1,9.2,23.7,1
Belgium,2010,8948.7,2.06,57.6,25.4,17,67.1,8.4,23.5,0.9
Belgium,2011,9822,2.16,60.2,23.4,16.4,68.7,8.1,22.3,0.9
Belgium,2012,10715,2.27,60.6,24.5,14.9,69.8,8.5,21.3,0.4
Belgium,2013,11358.6,2.32,60.6,24.3,15.2,69.4,8.5,21.7,0.4
Belgium,2014,11935.9,2.36,m,m,m,69.9,9,20.6,0.5
Belgium,2015,12651.2,2.43,58.6,22.5,18.9,69.9,9.2,20.3,0.5
Belgium,2016,13895.7,2.53,m,m,m,68.6,9.6,21.2,0.6
Belgium,2017,15301,2.68,63.5,20,16.6,70.2,9.4,19.8,0.6
Belgium,2018,17168.8,2.86,m,m,m,71.7,9.2,18.4,0.7
Belgium,2019,20534.4,3.15,64.3,17.8,17.9,73.7,8.8,16.7,0.8
Belgium,2020,21810.9,3.37,m,m,m,73.9,8.8,16.7,0.7
Belgium,2021,23940.9,3.41,64.4,17.3,18.3,74.7,8.6,16.2,0.5
Belgium,2022,26202.5,3.29,m,m,m,73.7,8.8,17,0.5
Belgium,2023,27058.1,3.32,m,m,m,74.1,9.2,16.1,0.6
Denmark 6),1981,557.9,1.02,42.5,53.5,4.1,49.7,22.7,26.7,0.9
Denmark 6),1982,637,1.06,44.3,51.5,4.2,51.8,21.8,25.5,0.8
Denmark 6),1983,710.1,1.11,45.6,49.6,4.8,53.3,20.8,25,0.8
Denmark 6),1984,785.4,1.13,47.4,47.5,5,54.4,20.1,24.7,0.8
Denmark 6),1985,866.5,1.16,48.9,46,5.2,55.3,19.5,24.4,0.8
Denmark 6),1986,989.9,1.24,48.1,45.9,6,55.5,19.5,24.1,1
Denmark 6),1987,1091.4,1.33,47.5,45.8,6.7,55.6,19.4,23.9,1.1
Denmark 6),1988,1194.3,1.4,47.1,45.6,7.3,55.3,19.2,24.4,1.1
Denmark 6),1989,1288.4,1.45,46.8,45.5,7.7,55,19.1,24.8,1.1
Denmark 6),1990,1423.7,1.52,49.3,42.3,8.4,56.9,18.3,23.6,1.2
Denmark 6),1991,1555.5,1.58,51.4,39.7,9,58.5,17.7,22.6,1.2
Denmark 6),1992,1653.5,1.61,50.7,38.6,10.7,58.4,17.8,22.7,1.1
Denmark 6),1993,1773.1,1.69,50,37.7,12.3,58.3,17.8,22.8,1
Denmark 6),1994,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Denmark 6),1995,2123.5,1.79,45.2,39.6,15.2,57.4,17,24.5,1.1
Denmark 6),1996,2256.7,1.81,50.5,35.7,13.8,60.9,16.3,21.6,1.2
Denmark 6),1997,2488.4,1.89,53.4,36.1,10.5,61.4,15.4,22.2,1
Denmark 6),1998,2746.9,2.01,m,m,m,64.7,14.3,20.1,0.9
Denmark 6),1999,3018,2.13,59,31.2,8.7,64.9,14.5,19.4,1.1
Denmark 6),2000,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Denmark 6),2001,3668.2,2.32,61.4,28.2,10.4,68.6,11.8,18.9,0.7
Denmark 6),2002,4021.6,2.44,m,m,m,69,7.4,23,0.6
Denmark 6),2003,4171.7,2.51,59.9,27.1,13,69.1,7,23.2,0.7
Denmark 6),2004,4306.7,2.41,m,m,m,68,6.9,24.4,0.7
Denmark 6),2005,4429.5,2.39,59.5,27.6,12.9,68.3,6.5,24.6,0.7
Denmark 6),2006,4878,2.4,m,m,m,66.9,6.6,25.9,0.6
Denmark 6),2007,5359.8,2.51,61,25.9,13,69.9,3.2,26.4,0.5
Denmark 6),2008,6289.3,2.76,m,m,m,69.9,2.6,27.2,0.3
Denmark 6),2009,6805.3,3.04,62.1,26.1,11.7,69.8,2.1,27.7,0.4
Denmark 6),2010,6958,2.91,61.1,28.2,10.7,67,2.2,30.3,0.4
Denmark 6),2011,7283.7,2.94,61.2,28.2,10.7,66.7,2,30.9,0.4
Denmark 6),2012,7468.8,2.98,59.9,29.2,10.9,65.6,2.4,31.6,0.4
Denmark 6),2013,7793.6,2.96,59,29.9,11.1,63.3,2.4,33.9,0.4
Denmark 6),2014,7877.7,2.92,m,m,m,63.8,2.3,33.5,0.4
Denmark 6),2015,8518,3.06,59.1,30.2,10.7,63.5,2.2,33.9,0.4
Denmark 6),2016,9208,3.1,m,m,m,65.1,2.2,32.4,0.4
Denmark 6),2017,9354.5,2.94,57.1,28.3,14.5,63.4,3.1,33.2,0.3
Denmark 6),2018,9877.9,2.98,m,m,m,63.1,2.9,33.6,0.3
Denmark 6),2019,10238.8,2.91,59.2,28.7,12.1,62.1,3,34.5,0.4
Denmark 6),2020,10839,2.97,m,m,m,61.6,3.4,34.6,0.4
Denmark 6),2021,11200.7,2.74,m,m,m,62.1,3.4,34.1,0.4
Denmark 6),2022,13099.6,2.87,m,m,m,61.4,3.1,35.3,0.3
Denmark 6),2023,13093.2,2.99,m,m,m,61.2,3.1,35.4,0.3
Finland 7),1981,559.5,1.15,54.5,43.4,2.1,54.7,22.5,22.2,0.6
Finland 7),1982,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Finland 7),1983,745.4,1.3,56.3,41.6,2.1,55.7,20.7,22.9,0.7
Finland 7),1984,876.6,1.43,m,m,m,58,19.9,21.5,0.7
Finland 7),1985,991.4,1.52,m,m,m,58.7,19.9,20.9,0.5
Finland 7),1986,1096.6,1.6,m,m,m,58.9,19.9,20.7,0.5
Finland 7),1987,1227.8,1.69,59.6,38.1,2.3,58.9,20.1,20.6,0.3
Finland 7),1988,1361.6,1.72,m,m,m,59.9,19.3,20.4,0.4
Finland 7),1989,1513.2,1.75,62.2,35.3,2.5,61.6,18.5,19.3,0.5
Finland 7),1990,1645.7,1.82,m,m,m,62.6,18.8,18.7,m
Finland 7),1991,1731.9,1.97,56.3,40.9,2.8,57,20.2,22.1,0.7
Finland 7),1992,1793.2,2.06,m,m,m,56.8,20.6,22,0.7
Finland 7),1993,1854.1,2.1,56.6,39.8,3.6,58.4,20.5,20.5,0.7
Finland 7),1994,2079.5,2.22,m,m,m,62.2,18.9,18.9,m
Finland 7),1995,2203.9,2.21,59.5,35.1,5.4,63.2,16.6,19.5,0.6
Finland 7),1996,2523.8,2.46,m,m,m,66.2,15.8,18.1,m
Finland 7),1997,2936.2,2.62,62.9,30.9,6.2,66,13.6,20,0.5
Finland 7),1998,3383.2,2.79,63.9,30,6.1,67.2,12.6,19.6,0.6
Finland 7),1999,3909.9,3.06,66.9,29.2,3.9,68.2,11.4,19.7,0.7
Finland 7),2000,4494.5,3.24,70.2,26.2,3.5,70.9,10.6,17.8,0.7
Finland 7),2001,4606.8,3.19,70.8,25.5,3.7,71.1,10.2,18.1,0.6
Finland 7),2002,4839.4,3.25,69.5,26.1,4.3,69.9,10.4,19.2,0.6
Finland 7),2003,4995.3,3.3,70,25.7,4.3,70.5,9.7,19.2,0.6
Finland 7),2004,5398.2,3.31,69.3,26.3,4.4,70.1,9.5,19.8,0.6
Finland 7),2005,5588.7,3.32,66.9,25.7,7.5,70.8,9.6,19,0.6
Finland 7),2006,6046.2,3.33,66.6,25.1,8.3,71.3,9.3,18.7,0.6
Finland 7),2007,6679.5,3.34,68.2,24.1,7.7,72.3,8.5,18.7,0.6
Finland 7),2008,7533.1,3.54,70.3,21.8,7.9,74.3,8,17.2,0.5
Finland 7),2009,7569.7,3.73,68.1,24,7.9,71.4,9.1,18.9,0.6
Finland 7),2010,7740.5,3.71,66.1,25.7,8.2,69.6,9.2,20.4,0.7
Finland 7),2011,7976.8,3.62,67,25,8,70.5,8.8,20,0.7
Finland 7),2012,7520,3.41,63.1,26.7,10.3,68.7,9,21.6,0.7
Finland 7),2013,7382.8,3.28,60.8,26,13.1,68.9,8.9,21.5,0.7
Finland 7),2014,7178.2,3.16,53.5,27.5,19,67.7,8.6,22.9,0.8
Finland 7),2015,6689.7,2.89,54.8,28.9,16.4,66.7,8.2,24.4,0.8
Finland 7),2016,6727.4,2.75,57,28.9,14.1,65.8,8.2,25.1,0.9
Finland 7),2017,7147.7,2.75,58,29,13,65.3,8.5,25.4,0.8
Finland 7),2018,7540.5,2.78,55.8,28.3,15.9,65.7,8.3,25.2,0.8
Finland 7),2019,8126.4,2.82,54.3,27.8,17.9,65.6,8.1,25.4,0.9
Finland 7),2020,8643.1,2.93,56,27.7,16.4,67,7.6,24.6,0.8
Finland 7),2021,9475.9,3.01,58.1,25.6,16.3,68.8,7.3,23.1,0.8
Finland 7),2022,10164.2,2.98,58.1,25.9,16.1,68,7.3,24,0.7
Finland 7),2023,10644,3.09,m,m,m,67.6,7.6,24.2,0.6
Israel 8),1981,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Israel 8),1982,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Israel 8),1983,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Israel 8),1984,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Israel 8),1985,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Israel 8),1986,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Israel 8),1987,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Israel 8),1988,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Israel 8),1989,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Israel 8),1990,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Israel 8),1991,1719.6,2.11,43.5,36.9,19.6,55.7,10.8,26.6,6.9
Israel 8),1992,1944.1,2.17,44.2,36.6,19.2,57.2,10.8,25.6,6.3
Israel 8),1993,2162.2,2.26,34.2,38.7,27.1,58,12.7,24.9,4.4
Israel 8),1994,2423.8,2.31,33.6,37.2,29.1,58.2,13.1,24.6,4.1
Israel 8),1995,2646.2,2.32,34,36.5,29.5,59.2,11.3,25.8,3.6
Israel 8),1996,3050.8,2.48,38,35.5,26.5,61.3,10.8,24.4,3.5
Israel 8),1997,3504.8,2.7,40.5,32.6,27,64.4,9.4,22.9,3.3
Israel 8),1998,3840.6,2.81,43.4,29.8,26.8,67.7,7.7,21.6,3.1
Israel 8),1999,4606.6,3.21,47,28.3,24.8,70.8,6.6,19.9,2.7
Israel 8),2000,6183.1,3.81,52.8,21.8,25.4,80.5,3.2,15.6,0.7
Israel 8),2001,6737.2,4.05,53.6,20.2,26.2,80.8,3,15.4,0.8
Israel 8),2002,6845.7,3.99,53.1,19.3,27.6,80.1,2.8,16.1,1
Israel 8),2003,6209.8,3.76,51.2,20.3,28.5,78.4,3.1,17.5,1
Israel 8),2004,6651.6,3.75,54.5,17.5,28,80.2,2.9,15.8,1
Israel 8),2005,6966.3,3.91,56.2,14.5,29.3,81.5,2.7,14.9,1
Israel 8),2006,7465.3,4.01,55,13.4,31.6,81.8,1.9,14.8,1.5
Israel 8),2007,8697.2,4.29,56.6,12.2,31.2,84,1.8,12.9,1.3
Israel 8),2008,8706.4,4.24,53,12.2,34.8,83,1.8,13.8,1.4
Israel 8),2009,8450.8,4.02,37.5,12.8,49.6,83.5,1.9,13.3,1.3
Israel 8),2010,8627.8,3.84,36.2,14.2,49.6,83,2.1,13.7,1.2
Israel 8),2011,9523,3.92,37.3,13,49.6,83.8,2.1,12.9,1.2
Israel 8),2012,10433.4,4.06,39.4,12.7,47.9,84.2,1.9,12.8,1.1
Israel 8),2013,11526.6,4.11,35.8,12.5,51.7,84.5,1.8,12.6,1.1
Israel 8),2014,12002.6,4.2,35.2,12.8,52,85.2,1.7,12.1,1
Israel 8),2015,12918.1,4.3,33.3,12.6,54.1,85.5,1.6,11.9,1
Israel 8),2016,14981.8,4.59,38.5,10.9,50.6,86.8,1.5,10.7,0.9
Israel 8),2017,16303,4.74,35.4,10.8,53.8,88.1,1.5,9.4,0.9
Israel 8),2018,17563.1,4.92,37.3,10.4,52.4,88.3,1.5,9.3,0.9
Israel 8),2019,20037.2,5.36,37,9.1,53.9,89.6,1.3,8.3,0.8
Israel 8),2020,22010.7,5.83,40.1,9.3,50.5,90.5,1.2,7.6,0.7
Israel 8),2021,24906.1,5.76,45.3,7.9,46.8,91.5,1.1,6.7,0.7
Israel 8),2022,31629.3,6.18,47.2,6.8,46,92.5,0.9,5.9,0.6
Israel 8),2023,33376.1,6.35,m,m,m,93,0.9,5.5,0.6
Japan 9),1981,24022.9,2,67.7,24.9,7.4,66,12,17.6,4.5
Japan 9),1982,27398.7,2.08,69.2,23.5,7.4,67.2,11.2,17.1,4.6
Japan 9),1983,31055.9,2.19,70.7,21.9,7.4,68.9,10.4,16.5,4.2
Japan 9),1984,34986.7,2.28,72.3,20.5,7.2,70.3,9.9,15.5,4.2
Japan 9),1985,40389.6,2.43,74,19.1,6.9,71.8,9.8,14.2,4.2
Japan 9),1986,41960.9,2.4,73.7,19.4,6.9,71.5,9.8,14,4.7
Japan 9),1987,46083.6,2.45,73.5,19.6,6.9,70.9,10.3,14,4.8
Japan 9),1988,51404.1,2.48,75.4,18.1,6.5,72.7,9.4,13.3,4.6
Japan 9),1989,58362.5,2.58,77.1,16.8,6.1,74.3,8.6,12.5,4.5
Japan 9),1990,65440.7,2.66,77.9,16.1,6,75.5,8,12.2,4.4
Japan 9),1991,69205.3,2.63,77.4,16.4,6.2,75.4,8.1,12.1,4.4
Japan 9),1992,70030.8,2.58,76,17.5,6.4,73.5,8.9,12.8,4.7
Japan 9),1993,69864.3,2.52,73.4,19.7,6.9,71.1,10,14,4.9
Japan 9),1994,70608.4,2.47,73.4,19.5,7,71.1,9.7,14.1,5
Japan 9),1995,76727.7,2.56,72.3,20.9,6.8,70.3,10.4,14.5,4.8
Japan 9),1996,83096.6,2.64,73.4,18.7,7.9,71.1,9.4,14.8,4.8
Japan 9),1997,87901.8,2.72,74,18.2,7.8,72,8.8,14.3,4.8
Japan 9),1998,91169.8,2.83,72.6,19.3,8.1,71.2,9.2,14.8,4.7
Japan 9),1999,92773.7,2.85,72.2,19.6,8.2,70.7,9.9,14.8,4.6
Japan 9),2000,98935.2,2.86,72.4,19.6,8,71,9.9,14.5,4.6
Japan 9),2001,103866.8,2.92,73.1,19,7.9,73.7,9.5,14.5,2.3
Japan 9),2002,108166.2,2.97,74.1,18.4,7.6,74.4,9.5,13.9,2.1
Japan 9),2003,112362.1,2.99,74.6,18,7.3,75,9.3,13.7,2.1
Japan 9),2004,117430,2.98,74.8,18.1,7.1,75.2,9.5,13.4,1.9
Japan 9),2005,128694.6,3.13,76.1,16.8,7.1,76.4,8.3,13.4,1.9
Japan 9),2006,138799.6,3.23,77.1,16.2,6.7,77.2,8.3,12.7,1.9
Japan 9),2007,147575.8,3.29,77.7,15.6,6.7,77.9,7.8,12.6,1.7
Japan 9),2008,148719.2,3.29,78.2,15.6,6.2,78.5,8.3,11.6,1.6
Japan 9),2009,137283.9,3.2,75.3,17.7,7.1,75.8,9.2,13.4,1.6
Japan 9),2010,140511.5,3.1,75.9,17.2,6.9,76.5,9,12.9,1.6
Japan 9),2011,148389.2,3.21,76.5,16.4,7.1,77,8.4,13.2,1.5
Japan 9),2012,152325.6,3.17,76.1,16.8,7,76.6,8.6,13.4,1.4
Japan 9),2013,164655.8,3.28,75.5,17.3,7.2,76.1,9.2,13.5,1.3
Japan 9),2014,169554.1,3.37,77.3,16,6.7,77.8,8.3,12.6,1.3
Japan 9),2015,168546.1,3.24,78,15.4,6.6,78.5,7.9,12.3,1.3
Japan 9),2016,160269.3,3.11,78.1,15,6.9,78.8,7.5,12.3,1.4
Japan 9),2017,166621.7,3.17,78.3,15,6.7,78.8,7.8,12,1.4
Japan 9),2018,172035.8,3.22,79.1,14.6,6.4,79.4,7.8,11.6,1.3
Japan 9),2019,173928.4,3.22,78.9,14.7,6.4,79.2,7.8,11.7,1.3
Japan 9),2020,174926.4,3.27,78.3,15.2,6.5,78.7,8.3,11.7,1.4
Japan 9),2021,182504.4,3.27,78.1,15.5,6.5,78.6,8.4,11.9,1.2
Japan 9),2022,201665.3,3.4,78.5,15.1,6.4,79.4,7.9,11.5,1.2
Japan 9),2023,213803.5,3.44,78,15.9,6.1,79.1,8.7,11.1,1.1
Austria,1981,946.2,1.09,50.2,46.9,2.9,55.8,9,32.8,2.3
Austria,1982,1067.8,1.14,48.5,48.7,2.8,m,m,m,m
Austria,1983,1151.8,1.15,48.9,48.4,2.8,m,m,m,m
Austria,1984,1246.2,1.2,48.2,49.1,2.7,53.5,m,m,m
Austria,1985,1320,1.2,49.1,48.1,2.8,54.8,8.4,34.9,2
Austria,1986,1422.9,1.24,48.3,49.1,2.7,m,m,m,m
Austria,1987,1486.9,1.25,48.8,48.5,2.7,m,m,m,m
Austria,1988,1641.3,1.29,50.7,46.7,2.6,m,m,m,m
Austria,1989,1799.9,1.31,53,43.4,3.5,58.6,7.5,32.4,1.6
Austria,1990,2017.7,1.36,52.1,44.5,3.4,m,m,m,m
Austria,1991,2280.5,1.43,50.2,46.5,3.2,m,m,m,m
Austria,1992,2359.8,1.42,49.3,47.4,3.3,m,m,m,m
Austria,1993,2457.3,1.44,49,48,3,55.9,8.9,35,0.3
Austria,1994,2711,1.52,46.2,49.2,4.6,m,m,m,m
Austria,1995,2879.4,1.54,45.7,46.9,7.4,m,m,m,m
Austria,1996,3089,1.59,44.7,43.2,12.1,m,m,m,m
Austria,1997,3352.2,1.66,43.3,41,15.7,m,m,m,m
Austria,1998,3684.4,1.74,41.7,37.8,20.5,63.6,6.4,29.7,0.3
Austria,1999,4071.6,1.85,41.1,38.9,20,m,m,m,m
Austria,2000,4439.3,1.9,41.8,38,20.2,m,m,m,m
Austria,2001,4760.1,2,41.8,38.3,20,m,m,m,m
Austria,2002,5206,2.08,44.6,33.6,21.8,66.8,5.7,27,0.4
Austria,2003,5677.1,2.19,45.1,34.4,20.4,m,m,m,m
Austria,2004,5978.6,2.18,47.2,32.6,20.3,67.7,5.1,26.7,0.4
Austria,2005,6837,2.39,45.6,35.9,18.5,69.8,5.2,24.7,0.3
Austria,2006,7346.9,2.38,50.5,30.1,19.4,70.4,5.2,24.1,0.3
Austria,2007,7912.4,2.43,52.1,28.9,19,70.6,5.3,23.8,0.3
Austria,2008,8834.1,2.59,46.1,37,16.9,69.3,5.3,25,0.4
Austria,2009,8864.8,2.61,50.5,31.5,18,68.1,5.3,26.1,0.5
Austria,2010,9576.3,2.74,45.1,38.3,16.6,68.4,5.2,25.8,0.5
Austria,2011,9955,2.69,50.8,31.1,18.1,68.8,5.1,25.6,0.5
Austria,2012,11415.1,2.93,45.7,37.8,16.6,70.4,4.6,24.6,0.4
Austria,2013,12007.9,2.98,53.6,28.7,17.7,70.8,4.4,24.3,0.4
Austria,2014,12863.3,3.11,47.7,35.6,16.7,71.3,4.6,23.7,0.5
Austria,2015,13147,3.07,54.6,27.8,17.7,71.4,4.6,23.5,0.5
Austria,2016,14344.9,3.13,53,30.3,16.7,70.2,7.1,22.2,0.5
Austria,2017,14567.3,3.07,54.7,27.6,17.7,69.9,7.1,22.4,0.5
Austria,2018,15563.1,3.11,53.1,30.3,16.7,69.9,7.1,22.4,0.5
Austria,2019,16850.5,3.14,54.8,27,18.2,70.3,7.3,21.8,0.5
Austria,2020,16738.5,3.21,49.8,33.3,16.9,69.5,7.5,22.4,0.6
Austria,2021,18359.8,3.26,53,28.5,18.6,68.9,7.5,23.1,0.5
Austria,2022,20324.1,3.18,51.7,31.2,17.1,68.9,7.5,23.1,0.5
Austria,2023,21189.6,3.29,51.2,32.6,16.3,68.9,7.5,23.1,0.5
Sweden 10),1981,2082.2,2.03,54.9,42.3,2.8,63.7,6.1,30,0.3
Sweden 10),1982,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Sweden 10),1983,2639.7,2.26,58.1,39.3,2.6,64.5,5.1,30.2,0.2
Sweden 10),1984,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Sweden 10),1985,3384.8,2.55,60.9,36.4,2.7,68,4.4,27.4,0.2
Sweden 10),1986,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Sweden 10),1987,3885.2,2.64,60,36.9,3.1,66.8,4.2,28.9,0.1
Sweden 10),1988,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Sweden 10),1989,4314.4,2.59,58.6,38.1,3.3,65.4,3.9,30.6,0.1
Sweden 10),1990,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Sweden 10),1991,4495.6,2.52,61.9,34,4.2,68.5,4.1,27.4,0.1
Sweden 10),1992,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Sweden 10),1993,5350.3,2.96,61.2,33,5.9,69.6,4.1,25.7,0.7
Sweden 10),1994,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Sweden 10),1995,6309.1,3.1,65.8,28.2,6,74.6,3.7,21.6,0.2
Sweden 10),1996,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Sweden 10),1997,7182.8,3.27,67.7,25.8,6.5,74.8,3.5,21.6,0.1
Sweden 10),1998,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Sweden 10),1999,8228.1,3.38,67.1,26.2,6.7,74.4,3.3,22.2,0.1
Sweden 10),2000,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Sweden 10),2001,10316.5,3.87,71.7,22.3,6,77.5,2.8,19.6,0.1
Sweden 10),2002,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Sweden 10),2003,10202.2,3.58,65.1,24.3,10.6,74.4,3.5,21.8,0.4
Sweden 10),2004,10235.7,3.37,m,m,m,73.5,3.1,22.9,0.4
Sweden 10),2005,10388.2,3.36,63.9,24.4,11.7,72.8,4.9,22,0.3
Sweden 10),2006,11905.6,3.48,m,m,m,74.7,4.5,20.6,0.2
Sweden 10),2007,12103.9,3.24,62.8,24.6,12.6,73,4.9,21.9,0.2
Sweden 10),2008,13487.3,3.49,m,m,m,74.1,4.4,21.3,0.2
Sweden 10),2009,12716.3,3.41,59.5,27,13.5,70.9,4.4,24.6,0.1
Sweden 10),2010,12542.1,3.19,m,m,m,68.7,4.9,26.3,0
Sweden 10),2011,13433.8,3.21,57.6,27.5,14.9,69.1,4.3,26.3,0.3
Sweden 10),2012,13970.4,3.25,m,m,m,67.8,4.8,27.1,0.3
Sweden 10),2013,14496.4,3.28,61,28.3,10.8,68.9,3.7,27.1,0.2
Sweden 10),2014,14191.1,3.12,m,m,m,67,3.7,29,0.2
Sweden 10),2015,15493.2,3.24,57.3,z,4.3,69.7,3.4,26.7,0.2
Sweden 10),2016,16250.6,3.26,m,m,m,69.6,3.4,26.8,0.2
Sweden 10),2017,17569.8,3.39,60.8,25,14.1,71.3,3.6,24.9,0.1
Sweden 10),2018,18086.3,3.35,m,m,m,71,3.6,25.3,0.1
Sweden 10),2019,19927.7,3.4,62.4,24.2,13.1,71.7,4.5,23.7,0.1
Sweden 10),2020,20843.2,3.5,m,m,m,72.3,4.4,23.1,0.1
Sweden 10),2021,22317.9,3.42,60.7,23.3,15.8,72.4,4.4,23,0.1
Sweden 10),2022,24170.5,3.47,m,m,m,73.6,4.2,22,0.2
Sweden 10),2023,25511.3,3.6,m,m,m,74.3,4.1,21.4,0.2
Switzerland 11),1981,2169.7,1.92,75.1,24.9,m,74.2,5.9,19.9,m
Switzerland 11),1982,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),1983,2395.6,1.93,77.4,22.6,m,74.3,5.1,17.4,3.2
Switzerland 11),1984,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),1985,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),1986,3607.2,2.45,78.9,21.1,m,77.7,6.3,12.8,3.2
Switzerland 11),1987,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),1988,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),1989,4324.4,2.44,73.9,23.2,2.9,74.9,4.3,19.9,0.8
Switzerland 11),1990,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),1991,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),1992,4619.2,2.31,67.4,28.4,4.2,70.1,3.7,25,1.2
Switzerland 11),1993,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),1994,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),1995,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),1996,5293.6,2.38,67.5,26.9,5.6,70.7,2.5,24.3,2.5
Switzerland 11),1997,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),1998,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),1999,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2000,5968.2,2.26,69.1,23.2,7.7,73.9,1.3,22.9,1.9
Switzerland 11),2001,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2002,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2003,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2004,7743.4,2.61,69.7,22.7,7.6,73.7,1.1,22.9,2.3
Switzerland 11),2005,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2006,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2007,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2008,10917.3,2.65,68.2,22.8,9,73.5,0.7,24.2,1.6
Switzerland 11),2009,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2010,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2011,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2012,13664,2.87,60.8,25.4,13.8,69.3,0.8,28.1,1.8
Switzerland 11),2013,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2014,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2015,16644.4,3.08,61.9,27.1,11,67.9,0.9,28.6,2.5
Switzerland 11),2016,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2017,17734.5,3.08,64.4,27.8,7.8,67,0.9,29.5,2.6
Switzerland 11),2018,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2019,20212.5,3.2,64.7,27.3,8,67.6,0.9,28.8,2.7
Switzerland 11),2020,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2021,23258.8,3.3,65.9,26.8,7.3,68.3,0.9,28.2,2.6
Switzerland 11),2022,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Switzerland 11),2023,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Korea 12),1981,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Korea 12),1982,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Korea 12),1983,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Korea 12),1984,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Korea 12),1985,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Korea 12),1986,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Korea 12),1987,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Korea 12),1988,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Korea 12),1989,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Korea 12),1990,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Korea 12),1991,7034.9,1.65,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Korea 12),1992,8009.4,1.73,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Korea 12),1993,9517,1.88,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Korea 12),1994,11530.9,2.04,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
South Korea 12),1995,13153.9,2.08,76.3,19,4.7,73.7,17,8.2,1.1
South Korea 12),1996,14824.9,2.14,74.9,20.3,4.9,73.2,16.2,9.4,1.2
South Korea 12),1997,16243.2,2.17,72.5,22.9,4.6,72.6,15.8,10.4,1.2
South Korea 12),1998,14626.7,2.03,69.1,25.9,4.9,70.3,17.5,11.2,1.1
South Korea 12),1999,15792.6,1.94,70,24.9,5.1,71.4,14.5,12,2.1
South Korea 12),2000,18520.6,2.05,72.4,23.9,3.7,74,13.3,11.3,1.4
South Korea 12),2001,21290.5,2.2,72.5,25,2.6,76.2,12.4,10.4,1
South Korea 12),2002,22506.8,2.13,72.2,25.4,2.4,74.9,13.4,10.4,1.3
South Korea 12),2003,24098.1,2.2,74,23.9,2.1,76.1,12.6,10.1,1.2
South Korea 12),2004,27916.2,2.35,75,23.1,1.9,76.7,12.1,10.1,1.2
South Korea 12),2005,30618.3,2.43,75,23,2,76.9,11.9,9.9,1.4
South Korea 12),2006,35412,2.62,75.4,23.1,1.5,77.3,11.6,10,1.2
South Korea 12),2007,40646.6,2.76,73.7,24.8,1.6,76.2,11.7,10.7,1.5
South Korea 12),2008,43906.4,2.87,72.9,25.4,1.7,75.4,12.1,11.1,1.4
South Korea 12),2009,45784.1,3.02,71.1,27.4,1.5,74.3,13,11.1,1.6
South Korea 12),2010,52146.6,3.18,71.8,26.7,1.4,74.8,12.7,10.8,1.7
South Korea 12),2011,58379.7,3.44,73.7,24.9,1.4,76.5,11.7,10.1,1.6
South Korea 12),2012,64862.5,3.69,74.7,23.8,1.4,77.9,11.3,9.5,1.3
South Korea 12),2013,68234.1,3.77,75.7,22.8,1.5,78.5,10.9,9.2,1.3
South Korea 12),2014,73099.8,3.89,75.3,23,1.7,78.2,11.2,9,1.5
South Korea 12),2015,76932.4,3.79,74.5,23.7,1.8,77.5,11.7,9.1,1.6
South Korea 12),2016,80816,3.79,75.4,22.7,1.9,77.7,11.5,9.1,1.6
South Korea 12),2017,90289.9,4.07,76.2,21.6,2.2,79.4,10.7,8.5,1.4
South Korea 12),2018,100282.6,4.27,76.6,20.6,2.8,80.3,10.1,8.2,1.4
South Korea 12),2019,105064.4,4.36,76.9,20.7,2.4,80.3,10,8.3,1.4
South Korea 12),2020,112221.2,4.52,76.6,22.4,1,79.1,10.1,9,1.8
South Korea 12),2021,123074.1,4.6,76.1,22.8,1.1,79.1,9.8,9.1,2
South Korea 12),2022,137943.8,4.85,76.3,22.6,1.1,79.4,9.4,9.1,2.1
South Korea 12),2023,143741.2,4.96,76.1,22.9,1.1,79.2,9.6,9.1,2.1
United Kingdom 13),1981,11811,2.24,42,48.1,9.9,63,20.6,13.6,2.8
United Kingdom 13),1982,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
United Kingdom 13),1983,12763.8,2.06,43.1,49,7.8,62.5,20.4,14.3,2.9
United Kingdom 13),1984,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
United Kingdom 13),1985,14707.6,2.09,45.9,43.5,10.6,64.4,18.3,14.7,2.6
United Kingdom 13),1986,15580.1,2.1,47.2,41.1,11.7,69,14.1,14.9,2
United Kingdom 13),1987,16191.6,2.02,48.8,39.5,11.7,68.7,13.7,15.8,1.8
United Kingdom 13),1988,17188.3,1.96,51.5,36.5,12,69,13.6,15.7,1.8
United Kingdom 13),1989,18254,1.95,50.6,36.4,13,69.1,13.9,15.3,1.8
United Kingdom 13),1990,19015.2,1.95,49.6,35.5,14.9,69.4,13.1,15.6,2
United Kingdom 13),1991,18689.7,1.87,49.6,35,15.4,67.1,14.5,16.7,1.8
United Kingdom 13),1992,18858,1.84,51.3,33.1,15.7,66,14.9,17.2,1.8
United Kingdom 13),1993,20042.4,1.86,51.7,32.1,16.2,66.1,14.6,17.5,1.8
United Kingdom 13),1994,20946.7,1.84,50.3,32.7,16.9,64.6,15,19.2,1.2
United Kingdom 13),1995,19671.8,1.65,48.2,32.8,19,65,14.6,19.2,1.3
United Kingdom 13),1996,20103.5,1.58,47.6,31.5,20.9,64.9,14.4,19.5,1.2
United Kingdom 13),1997,20677.9,1.54,49.9,30.7,19.4,65.2,13.8,19.7,1.3
United Kingdom 13),1998,21443.2,1.55,47.6,30.6,21.8,65.6,13.5,19.7,1.3
United Kingdom 13),1999,23323.5,1.62,48.5,29.2,22.3,66.8,12.2,19.6,1.4
United Kingdom 13),2000,25148.9,1.61,48.3,30.2,21.5,65,12.6,20.6,1.8
United Kingdom 13),2001,26330.6,1.6,45.5,28.9,25.6,65.5,10,22.7,1.8
United Kingdom 13),2002,27871.4,1.61,43.5,28.9,27.6,64.8,9.2,24,1.9
United Kingdom 13),2003,28595.8,1.58,42.2,31.7,26.1,63.7,10.4,24,1.9
United Kingdom 13),2004,29438.1,1.53,44.1,32.9,23,62.6,10.7,24.7,2
United Kingdom 13),2005,30639.7,1.55,42.1,32.7,25.2,61.4,10.6,25.7,2.3
United Kingdom 13),2006,33314.3,1.58,45.2,31.9,22.9,61.7,10,26.1,2.2
United Kingdom 13),2007,35252.6,1.62,46,30.9,23.1,62.5,9.2,26.1,2.2
United Kingdom 13),2008,36542,1.61,45.4,30.7,23.9,62,9.2,26.5,2.4
United Kingdom 13),2009,36422.8,1.67,44.5,32.6,22.9,60.4,9.2,27.9,2.5
United Kingdom 13),2010,37533.2,1.64,44,32.3,23.7,60.9,9.5,27,2.5
United Kingdom 13),2011,38778.6,1.65,45.9,30.5,23.7,63.6,8.6,26,1.8
United Kingdom 13),2012,38490.2,1.58,45.6,28.7,25.7,63.3,8,26.7,1.9
United Kingdom 13),2013,41532.1,1.62,46.2,29.1,24.7,63.9,7.9,26.4,1.8
United Kingdom 13),2014,60396.7,2.26,m,m,m,74.7,5.3,18.7,1.3
United Kingdom 13),2015,62989.7,2.28,m,m,m,76,4.8,17.6,1.6
United Kingdom 13),2016,67116.3,2.32,m,m,m,77.1,4.7,16.7,1.6
United Kingdom 13),2017,70754.9,2.33,m,m,m,77.1,4.6,16.8,1.6
United Kingdom 13),2018,84778.4,2.71,58.2,18.2,23.6,70.3,4.5,23.9,1.3
United Kingdom 13),2019,89091.2,2.67,59,18,23.1,70.7,4.5,23.5,1.4
United Kingdom 13),2020,94638.5,2.94,57.4,19.6,23,71.1,5,22.4,1.5
United Kingdom 13),2021,99066.8,2.9,58.5,19.4,22.1,70.8,5.1,22.6,1.5
United Kingdom 13),2022,110753.7,2.8,61.9,18.3,19.7,70.6,5.1,23,1.2
United Kingdom 13),2023,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
United States 14),1981,72750,2.27,49.4,47.8,2.8,69.3,18.5,9.7,2.5
United States 14),1982,81166,2.43,50.1,47,2.8,70.4,17.8,9.4,2.4
United States 14),1983,90403,2.49,50.1,47.1,2.9,70.4,18,9.1,2.4
United States 14),1984,102874,2.55,50.7,46.5,2.8,71,17.6,8.9,2.4
United States 14),1985,115219,2.66,50.3,46.9,2.8,71.5,17.2,8.9,2.4
United States 14),1986,120562,2.63,50.6,46.4,3,71.3,16.8,9.6,2.4
United States 14),1987,126666,2.61,49.4,47.4,3.2,71.2,16.3,10.1,2.4
United States 14),1988,134203,2.56,50.7,45.9,3.4,70.7,16.3,10.6,2.4
United States 14),1989,142228,2.52,52.7,43.6,3.6,70.2,16.2,11,2.6
United States 14),1990,152392,2.56,54.6,41.6,3.8,70.5,15.7,11.1,2.7
United States 14),1991,161391,2.62,57.2,38.9,3.9,71.1,14.8,11.3,2.9
United States 14),1992,165838,2.54,58,37.9,4,70.4,14.9,11.7,3
United States 14),1993,166153,2.42,58.1,37.6,4.3,69.5,15,12.3,3.2
United States 14),1994,169621,2.33,58.5,37,4.5,69.2,14.8,12.7,3.3
United States 14),1995,184086,2.41,60.2,35.4,4.4,70.5,14,12.3,3.2
United States 14),1996,197802,2.45,62.4,33.2,4.4,72,12.9,12,3.1
United States 14),1997,212478,2.48,64.1,31.5,4.4,73.1,12.1,11.6,3.1
United States 14),1998,226227,2.5,65.3,30.2,4.5,73.9,11.6,11.3,3.2
United States 14),1999,244980,2.54,67.2,28.3,4.5,74.3,11.2,11.2,3.3
United States 14),2000,268558,2.62,69.2,26.1,4.7,74.5,10.8,11.1,3.6
United States 14),2001,279061,2.64,67.5,27.5,5,72.4,11.9,11.7,3.9
United States 14),2002,278414,2.55,64.9,29.4,5.7,69.6,12.9,13.2,4.3
United States 14),2003,292157,2.55,63.7,30.4,5.9,68.7,13,13.9,4.4
United States 14),2004,303824,2.49,63,31.2,5.8,68.6,12.7,14.3,4.5
United States 14),2005,326231,2.5,63.7,30.4,5.9,69.3,12.4,13.9,4.4
United States 14),2006,351669,2.55,64.6,29.6,5.8,70.4,12.1,13.5,4
United States 14),2007,378524,2.62,65.2,28.9,5.9,71.1,11.9,13.1,3.9
United States 14),2008,405405,2.74,59.8,30.2,10,71.7,11.5,12.8,3.9
United States 14),2009,404200,2.79,58.2,32.5,9.3,69.9,12.2,13.6,4.4
United States 14),2010,408495,2.71,57.1,32.5,10.4,68.3,13,14.2,4.5
United States 14),2011,427125,2.74,58.7,31,10.3,68.9,12.9,14.1,4.2
United States 14),2012,434424,2.67,59.5,29.6,10.8,69.6,12.3,14,4.1
United States 14),2013,455089,2.7,61.1,27.5,11.4,70.9,11.5,13.5,4.1
United States 14),2014,476971,2.71,61.9,25.9,12.1,71.4,11.3,13.1,4.2
United States 14),2015,507372,2.77,63.3,24.7,12,72.4,10.8,12.7,4.1
United States 14),2016,533451,2.84,64,23.3,12.7,73.2,9.8,12.7,4.3
United States 14),2017,565446,2.88,63.5,22.7,13.8,73.7,9.6,12.6,4.2
United States 14),2018,617538,2.99,64.2,22.3,13.6,74.1,9.8,12.1,4
United States 14),2019,676995,3.14,65.7,21.1,13.2,75.1,9.6,11.5,3.8
United States 14),2020,729857,3.42,66.3,21.3,12.4,76,9.2,11.1,3.7
United States 14),2021,821478,3.47,69,18.8,12.3,77.9,8.3,10.4,3.3
United States 14),2022,906953,3.49,69.7,18.9,11.4,78.4,8.1,10.4,3.1
United States 14),2023,955578,3.45,69.6,18.9,11.5,78.4,7.9,10.7,3
,,,,,,,,,,
"Source: German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, calculations; OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators März 2025",,,,,,,,,,
This table also appears in the Federal Report on Research and Innovation as Table 3.,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
Notes:,,,,,,,,,,
1) Nominal expenditures converted into US dollar purchasing power parities.,,,,,,,,,,
2) Including general funding for higher education research.,,,,,,,,,,
3) PNP: private non-profit institutions.,,,,,,,,,,
"4) Some figures are revised, provisional, estimated or only partly comparable with figures from previous years or include other sectors (see original edition of ""Main Science and Technology Indicators March 2025"").",,,,,,,,,,
"5) Until 1990, western German Länder only. From 1991 to 2021, the PNP sector is included in the performance data of the government sector. As of 2016, increases of expenditure on higher education are partly due to an methodological adjustment of the R&D coefficients. For more recent calculations of the share of GDP for 2023, see Table 1.1.1.",,,,,,,,,,
"6) As of 1999, provincial and local government funding is included in the GBARD data, as well as funding from the Danish National Research Foundation and the Danish Investment Fund. Until 2002, the higher education sector R&D expenditure was underestimated as R&D carried out in hospital departments at the university-hospitals was included in the government sector. Break in time series in 2007 due to a methodological adjustment in data collection and a change in the administrative structures of certain institutes, which were classified under the government sector until 2006 and under the higher education sector from 2007 onwards.",,,,,,,,,,
"7) As of 1995, funds received by the state research institutes from external sources are excluded from government allocations. As of 1997, the higher education sector includes central university hospitals. From 1998 to 2004, due to methodological reasons funds from other foreign enterprises were merged with business enterprise funds thus reducing the share of funds coming from the rest of the world.",,,,,,,,,,
"8) Defence R&D is excluded. From 2000 onwards, hospitals were re-classified to the business sector from the government and PNP sectors. Until 2007, humanities and law are only partially covered in the higher education sector.",,,,,,,,,,
9) Government expenditure on R&D only includes spending by the central government and covers only expenditure related to science and technology.,,,,,,,,,,
"10) Until 2005, R&D data are underestimated: R&D in the government sector covers central government units only and companies between 10-49 employees are excluded from the coverage. In 1995, performance data of the higher education sector exclude most or all capital expenditure. From 1981 to 1991, business enterprise sector, government sector and PNP sector exclude R&D in the social sciences and humanities. As of 1998, excluding funding by public research foundations. 2015 data on GERD financed by the government sector and foreign sources are considered confidential. As of 2023, a break in the time series occurs due to a methodological change in data collection.",,,,,,,,,,
"11) The business enterprise sector comprises private enterprises only. Public enterprises are included in the Government sector. As of 2017, GBARD data are derived from a funder-based approach (performer-based approach before 2017). Before 1994, GBARD did not include the public sector financed R&D mandates.",,,,,,,,,,
"12) Until 2006, excluding R&D in the social sciences and humanities.",,,,,,,,,,
"13) As of 2022, business R&D data are based on an expanded coverage survey (larger sample size) and additional methodological improvements. As of 2014, upward corrections were made to the data in the enterprise business and higher education sectors.",,,,,,,,,,
"14) Excludes most or all capital expenditure (included in the business enterprise and government sectors only). Until 2008, government sector R&D performance covers only federal government activities. From 1981 to 2007, financing from foreign sources is included in the business enterprise sector, as of 2008, it is included in other national sources and abroad. Until 2002, the higher education sector excludes R&D in the social sciences and humanities. As of 2021, the increase in R&D capital expenditure in the business enterprise sector is due to a methodological change in data collection.",,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
m = data not available.,,,,,,,,,,
y = data included in another position.,,,,,,,,,,
"z = value not stated for reasons of confidentiality, but included in the total.",,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
"Results of the ICE-BMBF's ICE-Database of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (ICE = Information, Controlling, Entscheidung)",,,,,,,,,,
"A system of the German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies (DZHW), http://www.dzhw.eu/en/index_html",,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
"Last update: April 14, 2025",,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,