Table 0.1 - BMBF's Data Portal

Table 0.1
Structural data of Germany¹⁾
	1960	1970	1980	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Structural data	1,000
Population²⁾	55,958	61,001	61,658	63,726	81,817	82,012	82,057	82,037	82,163	82,260	82,440	82,537	82,532	82,501	82,438	82,315	82,218	82,002	81,802	81,752	80,328	80,524	80,767	81,198	82,176	82,522	82,792
Male²⁾	26,328	29,072	29,481	30,851	39,825	39,955	39,992	40,004	40,091	40,157	40,275	40,345	40,356	40,354	40,340	40,301	40,274	40,184	40,104	40,112	39,230	39,381	39,557	39,835	40,514	40,697	40,844
Female²⁾	29,631	31,930	32,177	32,875	41,993	42,057	42,065	42,033	42,073	42,103	42,166	42,192	42,176	42,147	42,098	42,014	41,944	41,818	41,699	41,639	41,098	41,143	41,211	41,362	41,662	41,825	41,949
Foreigners²⁾	m	2,738	4,566	5,447	7,343	7,492	7,419	7,308	7,336	7,268	7,318	7,348	7,342	7,288	7,289	7,256	7,255	7,186	7,131	7,199	6,342	6,644	7,015	7,540	8,652	9,220	9,679
Live births	1,262	1,048	866	906	765	796	812	785	771	767	734	719	707	706	686	673	685	683	665	678	663	674	682	715	738	792	785
Live births of foreigners³⁾	11	63	81	86	100	106	107	100	95	50	44	41	39	36	30	29	31	34	33	33	32	32	39	52	68	97	98
Surplus of births (+) or deaths (-)	385	72	-87	-16	-119	-87	-48	-67	-76	-72	-94	-122	-147	-113	-144	-149	-142	-162	-189	-181	-190	-196	-212	-153	-188	-119	-147
Net immigration (+) or net emigration (-)⁴⁾	176	555	298	670	398	282	94	47	202	167	273	219	143	83	79	23	44	-56	-13	128	279	369	429	550	1,139	500	416
Employed persons⁵⁾	26,194	25,951	26,874	29,334	36,048	35,982	35,805	35,860	36,402	36,604	36,816	36,536	36,172	35,659	36,566	37,344	38,163	38,734	38,662	38,938	38,916	39,206	39,618	39,942	40,279	41,339	41,641
Male	16,340	16,441	16,782	17,585	20,939	20,706	20,549	20,509	20,659	20,680	20,629	20,336	19,996	19,681	20,135	20,477	20,890	21,188	20,972	21,048	20,894	21,067	21,193	21,344	21,491	22,107	22,272
Female	9,854	9,510	10,092	11,749	15,109	15,276	15,256	15,351	15,744	15,924	16,187	16,200	16,176	15,978	16,432	16,867	17,272	17,546	17,690	17,891	18,022	18,139	18,425	18,597	18,788	19,232	19,369
Employed foreigners, of which⁶⁾	279	1,807	2,018	1,775	m	2,120	2,044	2,030	1,839	1,899	1,949	1,930	1,813	1,739	1,712	1,739	1,788	1,854	1,830	1,879	2,019	2,193	2,341	2,563	2,829	3,134	3,470
Greeks	m	230	132	103	m	115	110	109	106	109	110	107	99	93	90	88	88	88	85	85	90	100	109	117	124	131	138
Italians	m	364	305	170	m	205	202	203	199	203	203	196	181	173	169	170	173	177	175	179	187	196	206	218	232	244	255
Portuguese	m	40	59	42	m	52	52	52	48	48	48	46	43	41	40	40	40	41	41	41	44	47	51	53	56	58	60
Spaniards	m	163	86	61	m	48	46	45	40	40	40	39	37	34	34	33	33	33	33	34	36	40	48	56	60	64	67
Turks	m	323	578	598	m	581	564	569	521	543	548	531	491	466	451	453	468	484	466	475	495	501	499	503	510	516	527
Unemployed persons⁷⁾	271	149	889	1,883	3,612	3,965	4,384	4,281	4,100	3,890	3,853	4,061	4,377	4,381	4,861	4,487	3,761	3,259	3,415	3,239	2,976	2,897	2,950	2,898	2,795	2,691	2,533
Of which, female	m	m	462	915	1,761	1,854	2,042	2,007	1,940	1,836	1,789	1,821	1,931	1,933	2,258	2,150	1,867	1,596	1,552	1,479	1,390	1,347	1,353	1,333	1,277	1,208	1,135
Unemployed persons without completed vocational training⁸⁾	m	m	444	808	1,374	1,511	1,630	1,531	1,482	1,396	1,386	1,396	1,446	1,462	1,872	1,804	1,534	1,337	1,430	1,340	1,282	1,215	1,284	1,303	1,294	1,263	1,157
Of which, female	m	m	256	409	665	707	755	713	689	647	624	603	606	613	890	894	765	649	655	621	605	571	599	611	602	576	524
Unemployed persons with in-company/school training⁸⁾	m	m	337	800	1,941	2,130	2,452	2,236	2,263	2,114	2,176	2,322	2,507	2,549	2,517	2,209	1,817	1,569	1,688	1,575	1,389	1,307	1,359	1,327	1,240	1,137	1,028
Of which, female	m	m	180	390	1,005	1,058	1,235	1,120	1,153	1,059	1,074	1,105	1,190	1,209	1,211	1,112	942	805	752	702	637	595	607	595	552	501	453
Unemployed persons with university of applied sciences degree⁸⁾	m	m	14	34	60	59	64	56	55	49	53	73	87	90	88	76	62	56	67	74	68	66	72	75	75	71	69
Of which, female	m	m	5	15	21	20	22	20	21	19	22	30	37	39	39	33	30	26	29	32	30	30	32	33	33	31	30
Unemployed persons with university degree⁸⁾	m	m	28	86	146	148	163	142	142	126	127	151	166	164	169	148	131	119	97	104	101	104	119	127	127	122	119
Of which, female	m	m	13	44	66	67	75	66	67	60	61	71	78	79	84	76	68	66	49	52	51	53	60	64	63	60	58
Structural data	Share (%)
Unemployment rate⁹⁾	m	m	m	m	9.4	10.4	11.4	11.1	10.5	9.6	9.4	9.8	10.5	10.5	11.7	10.8	9.0	7.8	8.1	7.7	7.1	6.8	6.9	6.7	6.4	6.1	5.7
Unemployment rate of persons without completed vocational training¹⁰⁾	m	m	5.9	13.3	21.9	24.2	26.9	25.8	23.4	22.2	22.1	22.6	23.5	24.6	26.0	24.0	22.1	20.1	21.9	20.7	19.8	19.7	20.0	19.9	20.3	19.1	17.9
Unemployment rate of persons with in-company/school training¹⁰⁾	m	m	2.1	4.0	7.4	8.1	9.3	8.5	8.7	8.1	8.3	8.8	9.6	9.9	9.7	8.5	7.0	6.0	6.6	5.8	5.1	5.0	5.1	4.9	4.6	4.2	3.9
Unemployment rate of persons with university of applied sciences degree¹⁰⁾	m	m	1.8	2.8	3.4	3.0	3.0	2.6	m	m	m	2.9	3.7	3.7	3.8	3.3	2.6	2.1	2.8	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.5	2.4	2.4
Unemployment rate of persons with university degree¹⁰⁾	m	m	1.9	3.9	4.3	4.2	4.5	3.9	m	m	m	4.2	4.3	4.1	4.3	3.6	3.1	2.7	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.4	2.2	2.2
Structural data	1,000
Pupils	8,457	10,976	11,763	9,044	12,377	12,560	12,696	12,709	12,705	12,642	12,565	12,480	12,453	12,387	12,276	12,138	11,987	11,830	11,675	11,485	11,291	11,114	10,951	10,872	10,832	10,885	10,837
Male	m	m	6,162	4,724	6,412	6,494	6,558	6,555	6,559	6,526	6,493	6,449	6,436	6,408	6,353	6,284	6,210	6,128	6,048	5,955	5,862	5,777	5,698	5,661	5,652	5,709	5,690
Female	m	m	5,600	4,320	5,965	6,066	6,138	6,153	6,146	6,116	6,071	6,031	6,016	5,980	5,923	5,854	5,777	5,701	5,627	5,530	5,429	5,337	5,253	5,211	5,180	5,175	5,147
Foreigners	m	187	747	966	1,146	1,174	1,179	1,157	1,160	1,155	1,156	1,156	1,156	1,143	1,118	1,085	1,042	1,002	969	933	872	835	818	833	912	1,098	1,167
Of which, pupils at general schools	6,669	8,992	9,186	6,882	9,931	10,070	10,146	10,108	10,048	9,960	9,870	9,780	9,727	9,625	9,505	9,356	9,184	9,024	8,906	8,797	8,678	8,557	8,420	8,367	8,335	8,370	8,347
Male	m	m	4,704	3,521	5,054	5,124	5,162	5,138	5,110	5,063	5,017	4,970	4,942	4,890	4,828	4,753	4,666	4,586	4,530	4,479	4,423	4,366	4,300	4,273	4,260	4,288	4,271
Female	m	m	4,482	3,360	4,877	4,946	4,985	4,970	4,938	4,898	4,854	4,811	4,785	4,735	4,677	4,603	4,518	4,438	4,376	4,318	4,255	4,191	4,120	4,093	4,075	4,082	4,076
New entrants	m	m	636	656	953	954	940	870	836	812	781	806	844	821	822	793	773	735	726	707	711	688	690	711	704	721	725
Of which, pupils at vocational schools	1,788	1,984	2,576	2,162	2,446	2,490	2,550	2,601	2,656	2,682	2,694	2,700	2,726	2,763	2,771	2,782	2,803	2,806	2,769	2,688	2,612	2,557	2,531	2,506	2,497	2,515	2,490
Male	m	m	1,458	1,203	1,357	1,370	1,396	1,418	1,449	1,463	1,476	1,479	1,494	1,518	1,525	1,531	1,544	1,543	1,518	1,476	1,439	1,412	1,398	1,388	1,392	1,422	1,419
Female	m	m	1,118	960	1,088	1,121	1,154	1,183	1,208	1,218	1,218	1,221	1,231	1,245	1,246	1,251	1,258	1,263	1,251	1,212	1,173	1,146	1,133	1,118	1,105	1,093	1,071
Pupils at schools for nurses, midwives etc.	m	65	97	97	115	124	122	121	116	113	112	113	118	120	121	123	124	124	128	132	135	149	150	153	153	155	154
Apprentices	1,279	1,269	1,715	1,477	1,579	1,592	1,622	1,658	1,698	1,702	1,685	1,622	1,582	1,564	1,553	1,571	1,595	1,613	1,571	1,508	1,461	1,430	1,392	1,359	1,337	1,321	1,324
Male	818	820	1,061	847	951	959	974	994	1,011	1,007	993	957	939	937	936	950	969	975	944	909	886	873	854	838	827	822	834
Female	461	449	655	630	628	634	648	664	687	695	691	665	643	627	617	620	626	639	627	600	575	557	538	521	510	499	490
Foreigners	m	m	m	98	121	116	110	104	101	97	92	85	79	72	68	66	69	73	76	77	78	79	80	83	87	96	113
Apprentices with new training contracts	m	m	670	538	579	579	598	612	636	623	610	568	564	572	559	581	624	608	561	559	566	549	526	518	517	510	516
Students at higher education	247	422	1,036	1,579	1,858	1,838	1,824	1,801	1,774	1,799	1,869	1,939	2,020	1,964	1,986	1,979	1,942	2,026	2,121	2,218	2,381	2,499	2,617	2,699	2,758	2,807	2,845
Male	181	292	656	974	1,083	1,055	1,030	1,000	970	970	995	1,021	1,062	1,026	1,037	1,033	1,015	1,058	1,106	1,158	1,255	1,314	1,372	1,409	1,434	1,454	1,465
Female	66	130	380	605	775	783	794	801	804	829	873	919	958	937	949	947	927	968	1,015	1,060	1,126	1,185	1,245	1,290	1,324	1,353	1,380
Foreigners	21	25	58	100	146	152	158	166	175	187	206	227	246	246	248	246	234	239	245	252	265	282	301	322	340	359	375
First-year students	53	87	193	278	262	267	267	272	291	315	345	359	378	359	356	345	361	397	424	445	519	495	509	505	507	510	513
Foreign first-year students	5	5	13	24	37	38	40	44	50	55	64	69	71	68	66	63	64	70	74	80	88	95	102	109	115	118	122
School graduates/school-leavers from full-time schools¹¹⁾	469	489	501	254	308	316	322	324	323	321	325	324	330	328	316	313	299	275	250	233	218	205	198	194	187	188	187
With secondary general school certificate	355	349	391	200	232	237	241	241	239	234	236	239	246	246	238	237	229	210	192	180	169	157	151	147	140	139	134
Without secondary general school certificate	114	140	109	54	76	79	80	83	84	87	89	85	84	82	78	76	71	65	58	53	50	48	46	47	47	49	53
School graduates with intermediate school certificate¹¹⁾	117	200	422	284	391	404	420	436	440	441	441	452	456	499	480	482	485	469	453	445	428	431	475	469	460	465	444
School graduates with higher education entrance qualification¹¹⁾	57	92	222	275	308	315	323	330	340	348	343	362	369	387	400	415	434	442	449	457	505	500	476	435	445	454	441
Apprentices who passed final examinations	m	m	568	532	503	488	483	487	491	503	514	513	504	493	478	480	m	455	469	479	477	445	430	424	415	400	393
Higher education graduates	48	87	124	166	230	237	237	228	222	214	208	209	218	231	252	266	286	309	339	362	392	413	436	461	482	492	502
Teachers at all schools	264	389	557	542	778	780	783	786	782	785	789	792	796	793	790	792	789	788	795	798	794	789	787	786	790	798	805
Of which, teachers at general schools	224	339	478	458	670	672	668	669	669	672	674	675	677	672	668	668	665	664	671	673	670	666	665	664	667	673	679
Of which, teachers at vocational schools	39	51	79	84	108	109	115	117	113	113	115	117	119	121	122	124	124	123	124	125	124	123	122	122	123	125	126
Teachers at higher education¹²⁾	m	m	85	109	152	154	154	156	157	157	160	164	166	165	166	169	175	185	199	211	218	225	233	236	239	242	250
Of which, teachers at universities	m	m	76	98	136	138	137	139	139	139	142	145	146	144	145	149	154	163	174	183	188	194	200	202	204	207	212
Of which, teachers at universities of applied sciences	m	m	9	11	16	17	17	17	18	18	19	20	20	20	20	21	21	22	25	27	29	31	33	34	35	36	38
Other higher education staff¹²⁾	m	m	161	205	268	266	266	265	267	265	265	266	265	260	254	251	255	259	268	274	279	283	288	289	295	300	304
Structural data	Number
Student-teacher ratio at general schools	30	27	19	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	14	14	14	14	14	14	14	13	13	13	13	13	13	12	12	12
Student-teacher ratio at vocational schools	45	39	33	26	23	23	22	22	24	24	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	22	22	21	21	21	21	20	20	20
Students per teacher at universities	m	m	11	12	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	9	9	9	8	8	9	9	9	9	9	9	9
Students per teacher at universities of applied sciences	m	m	22	34	27	26	26	25	25	25	26	26	28	27	28	28	27	27	27	26	27	27	27	27	27	28	27
Structural data	1,000
Full-time staff in the public sector¹³⁾	m	m	m	m	4,303	4,207	4,085	3,953	3,805	3,697	3,582	3,521	3,439	3,327	3,238	3,195	3,144	3,106	3,121	3,107	3,119	3,120	3,144	3,162	3,159	3,185	3,206
At federal level	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	555	537	524	515	508	496	487	482	469	466	461	458	449	442	437	432	433	437
At Länder level	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	1,805	1,752	1,736	1,714	1,675	1,610	1,588	1,563	1,553	1,562	1,567	1,584	1,583	1,598	1,607	1,604	1,614	1,622
At local government level	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	1,066	1,024	996	953	900	871	855	838	827	834	820	827	841	856	871	878	894	906
Part-time staff in the public sector¹³⁾	m	m	m	m	1,068	1,069	1,079	1,116	1,164	1,212	1,238	1,288	1,340	1,343	1,362	1,381	1,397	1,399	1,427	1,479	1,484	1,497	1,492	1,490	1,487	1,504	1,532
At federal level	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	42	46	50	58	61	65	68	69	67	68	69	67	65	62	60	57	57	57
At Länder level	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	586	600	634	659	673	688	699	710	710	722	750	753	764	756	749	743	750	765
At local government level	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	506	512	517	527	510	502	503	503	504	516	536	540	545	550	557	561	570	581
Structural data	Billions of euros
Total public expenditure¹⁴⁾	33	100	379	585	951	963	922	933	951	961	975	993	1,003	993	1,002	1,005	1,018	1,056	1,113	1,142	1,167	1,182	1,204	1,237	1,273	1,326	1,368
Federal Government	16	45	111	159	250	252	246	262	271	266	268	281	281	274	281	283	293	305	317	355	364	356	349	345	341	363	376
Länder governments	13	39	107	153	250	257	243	245	246	251	256	258	260	257	260	260	266	276	287	307	319	325	330	341	355	371	383
Local governments	8	29	74	107	174	171	144	143	144	146	148	150	150	150	153	157	162	168	178	191	195	197	205	215	228	242	248
Expenditure on staff	9	31	88	127	200	202	178	178	181	182	183	187	188	187	186	184	191	196	203	224	229	236	243	255	263	271	282
Federal Government	2	7	16	22	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	26	26	26	27	28	42	42	43	44	46	48	49	51
Länder governments	5	16	45	64	98	100	91	92	94	95	95	98	98	98	97	95	96	97	100	115	119	122	126	131	135	139	145
Local governments	2	8	22	33	54	54	39	39	39	40	39	40	41	40	41	41	41	42	44	49	51	53	55	58	61	63	66
Structural data	Millions of euros
Public expenditure on education¹⁵⁾	5,805	14,193	33,910	41,916	75,944	77,231	77,270	77,305	78,776	79,264	81,576	84,909	85,666	85,762	86,716	89,188	92,362	93,717	99,925	106,219	109,978	112,163	116,951	121,598	124,015	128,374	133,373
For schools¹⁵⁾	4,138	8,726	22,866	27,728	44,495	45,154	45,312	45,616	46,306	46,723	47,876	49,409	49,583	50,116	50,197	51,409	51,917	52,752	55,743	59,059	59,944	58,838	60,157	61,782	62,788	63,997	66,079
Länder governments	2,596	5,840	17,268	22,055	35,379	36,315	36,687	36,978	37,565	37,888	38,476	39,965	40,149	40,543	40,476	40,954	41,228	42,175	44,305	46,270	47,418	48,310	49,468	50,566	51,677	52,397	54,250
Local governments	1,616	2,872	5,578	5,668	9,115	8,839	8,624	8,638	8,740	8,834	9,309	9,402	9,391	9,267	9,078	9,581	9,750	10,005	10,408	11,124	10,542	10,525	10,687	11,196	11,090	11,583	11,806
For higher education¹⁵⁾¹⁶⁾	1,667	3,514	7,155	10,570	16,228	16,684	16,591	16,573	16,984	17,243	17,879	18,779	18,809	18,132	18,417	19,374	19,304	20,235	21,456	22,527	23,809	24,680	26,702	27,943	28,675	29,843	30,501
Federal Government	141	504	663	1,014	1,770	1,757	1,748	1,758	1,897	1,936	2,080	2,128	2,134	1,827	1,843	1,893	2,128	2,412	2,764	3,224	3,826	3,977	4,907	4,967	5,030	5,491	5,794
Länder governments	829	3,003	6,492	9,556	14,458	14,927	14,843	14,815	15,087	15,306	15,800	16,651	16,675	16,305	16,573	17,481	17,176	17,823	18,693	19,303	19,983	20,703	21,794	22,976	23,644	24,352	24,707
Tax revenue in cash terms	35,100	78,000	186,579	281,040	415,839	409,318	407,638	425,812	453,116	467,413	446,284	441,714	442,221	442,973	452,380	488,531	538,170	561,427	524,079	530,673	573,372	600,214	619,515	643,496	673,525	705,712	734,695
Federal Government	18,711	42,742	90,776	133,873	187,170	173,024	169,228	174,599	192,447	198,790	193,766	192,050	191,943	186,950	190,177	203,893	229,713	239,579	227,996	225,811	247,984	256,303	259,866	270,746	281,608	289,018	309,361
Länder governments	10,978	25,811	64,154	97,793	159,880	167,815	167,721	175,952	184,003	189,493	178,690	178,552	177,618	179,888	180,457	195,116	213,591	221,522	207,119	210,052	224,291	236,344	244,206	254,276	267,939	288,674	298,414
Local governments	4,378	9,326	26,229	38,155	48,335	48,310	49,356	53,649	56,381	57,297	54,096	52,552	51,735	56,495	60,036	67,381	72,616	77,245	68,463	70,443	76,633	81,251	84,342	87,488	93,040	98,747	105,237
Gross domestic product¹⁷⁾	154,770	360,600	788,520	1,306,680	1,898,880	1,926,320	1,967,090	2,018,230	2,064,880	2,116,480	2,179,850	2,209,290	2,220,080	2,270,620	2,300,860	2,393,250	2,513,230	2,561,740	2,460,280	2,580,060	2,703,120	2,758,260	2,826,240	2,938,590	3,048,860	3,159,750	3,277,340
Structural data	Euros
Total public expenditure per inhabitant²⁾	590	1,646	6,150	9,184	11,618	11,737	11,234	11,369	11,578	11,680	11,832	12,027	12,157	12,038	12,158	12,209	12,376	12,877	13,607	13,974	14,523	14,682	14,910	15,230	15,488	16,070	16,521
Public expenditure on education per inhabitant²⁾	103	233	551	663	930	943	942	942	960	964	991	1,029	1,038	1,040	1,052	1,083	1,123	1,141	1,220	1,299	1,369	1,393	1,448	1,498	1,509	1,556	1,605
Tax revenue in cash terms per inhabitant²⁾	627	1,279	3,026	4,410	5,083	4,991	4,968	5,190	5,515	5,682	5,413	5,352	5,358	5,369	5,488	5,935	6,546	6,846	6,407	6,491	7,138	7,454	7,670	7,925	8,196	8,552	8,874
Gross domestic product per inhabitant¹⁸⁾	2,792	5,945	12,808	20,658	23,354	23,646	24,133	24,780	25,360	25,983	26,741	27,082	27,224	27,875	28,288	29,483	31,031	31,719	30,569	32,137	33,673	34,296	35,045	36,287	37,324	38,370	39,649

Source: Federal Employment Agency (special evaluation, Arbeitslosigkeit im Zeitverlauf, Sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigte nach Staatsangehörigkeiten und Geschlecht); Federal Statistical Office (Statistisches Jahrbuch, Bildungsfinanzbericht, diverse Fachserien, GENESIS-Online Datenbank: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen - Lange Reihen ab 1925); Institute for Employment Research, Qualifikationsspezifische Arbeitslosenquoten; Working group "Regional Accounts", "Reihe 1, Länderergebnisse Band 1"

Notes:
¹⁾ Until 1990, former West Germany.
²⁾ Until 2010, population data are based on past censuses. As of 2011, results of the population census (Bevölkerungsfortschreibung) are based on 2011 Census.
³⁾ From 2013 to 2015, figures on children with foreign nationality are artificially inflated due to methodological reasons.
⁴⁾ From 2008 to 2011, data are of limited comparability because of corrections in the register of residents. Due to methodological changes 2016 data are of limited comparability with the previous years; furthermore, over-coverage or under-coverage of the registration data on asylum seekers is possible.
⁵⁾ Findings of the Microcensus. As of 2005, annual averages. As of 2011, calculated with data of the population census (Bevölkerungsfortschreibung) that is based on 2011 Census, comparability with the previous years is limited. As of 2017, population in private household without collective living quarters.
⁶⁾ Results of counts of employed persons registered with the Federaly Employment Office. As of 1975, figures from statistics on employment covered by social security; as of 1999, revised data of the employment statistics; annual averages. As of 1996, survey reference day for each year is 30 June.
⁷⁾ As of 2007, revised data due to a revision of the unemployment statistics.
⁸⁾ Up to and including 2008, data are from the Institute for Employment Research. As of 2009, data are from the Federal Employment Agency. As of 2009, data are revised due to a revision of the unemployment statistics.
⁹⁾ Referring to the total civilian labour force (excluding apprentices) of the same qualification.
¹⁰⁾ According to calculations of the Institute for Employment Research. The figures differ from the unemployment statistics of the Federal Employment Agency because different basic values have been used. Referring to the total civilian labour force. As of 2011, revised data for employed persons based on 2011 Census.
¹¹⁾ General schools and vocational schools. As of 2013, the school part of the entrance qualification for universities of applied sciences is counted to the intermediate school certificate.
¹²⁾ Staff in main professions only.
¹³⁾ Findings of the statistics on public service personnel. Survey reference day for each year is 30 June.
¹⁴⁾ As of 1997, excluding hospitals and teaching hospitals which keep commercial accounts. Due to the new budgetary system, as of 2002, limited comparability with the previous years only. Until 2009, findings of the financial statistics (Rechnungsstatistik), as of 2010, quarterly cash results with extended group of respondents.
¹⁵⁾ Basic funds excluding expenditure on pensions. From 2012 to 2017: preliminary ACTUAL.
¹⁶⁾ Until 1997, including teaching hospitals which keep commercial accounts. As of 1998, expenditure including teaching hospitals, not including DFG and special research programmes.
¹⁷⁾ Annual findings of the German Regional Accounts. Pursuant to the European System of Accounts (ESA), 2014 revision. Date of calculations: August 2018.
¹⁸⁾ Inhabitants data in the regional accounts are annual averages. Until 2010, population data are based on past censuses. As of 2011, population data are based on 2011 Census.

m = data not available.

Last update: April 2019