| ISCED 1 to 4: Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary | ISCED 1 to 2: Primary and lower secondary | ISCED 3: Upper secondary | ISCED 4: Post-secondary non-tertiary | ISCED 5 to 8: All tertiary | ISCED 5: Short-cycle tertiary | ISCED 6 to 8: Bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees or equivalent | ISCED 1 to 8: Primary to tertiary 3) | ||
| Country | Year | Share (%) | |||||||
Australia | 2012 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 5.6 |
2013 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 5.6 | |
2014 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 5.8 | |
2015 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 6.0 | |
2016 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 5.8 | |
2017 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 6.0 | |
2018 | 4.0 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 5.9 | |
2019 | 4.1 | 3.3 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 6.1 | |
2020 | 4.3 | 3.5 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 6.2 | |
Belgium | 2012 | 4.3 | 2.5 | 1.8 | y | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 5.9 |
2013 | 4.4 | 2.5 | 1.9 | y | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 5.8 | |
2014 | 4.3 | 2.5 | 1.8 | y | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 5.8 | |
2015 | 4.3 | 2.5 | 1.8 | y | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 5.7 | |
2016 | 4.3 | 2.5 | 1.8 | y | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 5.8 | |
2017 | 4.2 | 2.4 | 1.7 | y | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 5.7 | |
2018 | 4.1 | 2.5 | 1.7 | y | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 5.6 | |
2019 | 4.1 | 2.4 | 1.6 | y | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 5.6 | |
2020 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 1.8 | y | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 6.0 | |
Chile
4) | 2012 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 1.2 | a | 2.5 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 6.1 |
2013 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 1.1 | a | 2.3 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 5.5 | |
2014 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 1.1 | a | 2.0 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 5.2 | |
2015 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 1.2 | a | 2.5 | 0.4 | 2.1 | 6.1 | |
2016 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 1.2 | a | 2.7 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 6.3 | |
2017 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 1.2 | a | 2.7 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 6.3 | |
2018 | 4.2 | 2.8 | 1.4 | a | 2.4 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 6.6 | |
2019 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 1.2 | a | 2.7 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 6.5 | |
2020 | 3.8 | 2.6 | 1.2 | a | 2.7 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 6.4 | |
Costa Rica | 2012 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
2013 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 0.9 | a | 2.6 | 0.2 | 2.4 | 8.3 | |
2014 | m | m | m | a | m | m | m | m | |
2015 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2016 | m | m | m | a | m | m | m | m | |
2017 | m | m | m | a | m | m | m | m | |
2018 | m | m | m | a | m | m | m | m | |
2019 | m | m | m | a | m | m | m | m | |
2020 | m | m | m | a | m | m | m | m | |
Denmark
5) | 2012 | 4.7 | 3.5 | 1.2 | a | m | m | m | m |
2013 | 4.6 | 3.4 | 1.2 | a | 1.7 | y | y | 6.4 | |
2014 | 4.7 | 3.4 | 1.4 | a | 1.7 | y | y | 6.5 | |
2015 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2016 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2017 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 0.9 | a | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 5.5 | |
2018 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 0.9 | a | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 5.2 | |
2019 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 0.9 | a | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 5.4 | |
2020 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 0.9 | a | 1.9 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 5.8 | |
Germany
6) | 2012 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 4.4 |
2013 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 4.3 | |
2014 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 4.3 | |
2015 | 3.0 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 4.2 | |
2016 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 4.2 | |
2017 | 3.0 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 4.2 | |
2018 | 3.0 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 4.3 | |
2019 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 4.3 | |
2020 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 4.6 | |
Estonia | 2012 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.6 | a | 1.6 | 4.9 |
2013 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 2.0 | a | 2.0 | 5.2 | |
2014 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.9 | a | 1.9 | 5.0 | |
2015 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 1.8 | a | 1.8 | 4.7 | |
2016 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 1.5 | a | 1.5 | 4.4 | |
2017 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 1.5 | a | 1.5 | 4.4 | |
2018 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.6 | a | 1.6 | 4.7 | |
2019 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 1.5 | a | 1.5 | 4.7 | |
2020 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 1.5 | a | 1.5 | 4.8 | |
Finland | 2012 | 3.9 | 2.4 | 1.5 | y | 1.8 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 5.8 |
2013 | 3.9 | 2.4 | 1.5 | y | 1.8 | a | 1.8 | 5.7 | |
2014 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 1.5 | y | 1.8 | a | 1.8 | 5.7 | |
2015 | 4.0 | 2.6 | 1.4 | y | 1.7 | a | 1.7 | 5.7 | |
2016 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 1.3 | y | 1.7 | a | 1.7 | 5.5 | |
2017 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 1.2 | y | 1.6 | a | 1.6 | 5.2 | |
2018 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 1.2 | y | 1.5 | a | 1.5 | 5.1 | |
2019 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 1.2 | y | 1.5 | a | 1.5 | 5.2 | |
2020 | 3.8 | 2.6 | 1.2 | y | 1.6 | a | 1.6 | 5.4 | |
France | 2012 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 5.3 |
2013 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 5.3 | |
2014 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 5.3 | |
2015 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 5.2 | |
2016 | 3.7 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 5.2 | |
2017 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 5.2 | |
2018 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 5.2 | |
2019 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 5.2 | |
2020 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 5.5 | |
Greece
4) | 2012 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
2013 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2014 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2015 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 0.8 | m | 1.0 | a | 1.0 | 3.8 | |
2016 | m | 2.0 | 0.8 | m | m | a | m | m | |
2017 | m | 2.0 | 0.7 | m | 0.8 | a | 0.8 | m | |
2018 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 0.7 | m | 0.9 | a | 0.9 | 3.7 | |
2019 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 0.7 | m | 0.9 | a | 0.9 | 3.7 | |
2020 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 0.7 | m | 0.9 | a | 0.9 | 3.7 | |
Ireland | 2012 | 4.4 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 1.3 | y | y | 5.6 |
2013 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.2 | y | y | 5.2 | |
2014 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.1 | y | y | 4.8 | |
2015 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 0.5 | m | 0.8 | y | y | 3.5 | |
2016 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.8 | y | y | 3.5 | |
2017 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.9 | y | y | 3.4 | |
2018 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.9 | y | y | 3.3 | |
2019 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.8 | y | y | 3.2 | |
2020 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.8 | y | y | 3.2 | |
Iceland | 2012 | 4.7 | 3.3 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 6.4 |
2013 | 4.6 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 5.9 | |
2014 | 4.7 | 3.4 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 6.0 | |
2015 | 4.5 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 5.8 | |
2016 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 5.6 | |
2017 | 4.5 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 5.8 | |
2018 | 4.6 | 3.4 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 5.8 | |
2019 | 4.5 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 5.7 | |
2020 | 4.9 | 3.7 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 6.3 | |
Israel
7) | 2012 | 4.4 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 6.5 |
2013 | 4.3 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 5.9 | |
2014 | 4.3 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 5.8 | |
2015 | 4.5 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 6.0 | |
2016 | 4.5 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 6.0 | |
2017 | 4.7 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 6.2 | |
2018 | 4.8 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 6.2 | |
2019 | 4.8 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 6.2 | |
2020 | 5.0 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 6.4 | |
Italy | 2012 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | m | 0.9 | 3.9 |
2013 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | |
2014 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | |
2015 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 3.9 | |
2016 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 1.1 | y | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 3.6 | |
2017 | 3.0 | 1.7 | 1.2 | y | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 3.9 | |
2018 | 3.2 | 1.8 | 1.4 | y | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 4.1 | |
2019 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 1.1 | y | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 3.8 | |
2020 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 1.2 | y | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 4.2 | |
Japan | 2012 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 0.9 | y | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 5.0 |
2013 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 0.8 | y | 1.6 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 4.5 | |
2014 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 0.9 | y | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 4.4 | |
2015 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 0.8 | y | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 4.1 | |
2016 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 0.8 | y | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 4.0 | |
2017 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 0.8 | y | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 4.0 | |
2018 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 0.8 | y | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 4.0 | |
2019 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 0.8 | y | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 4.0 | |
2020 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 0.8 | y | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 4.1 | |
2012 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 1.1 | m | 2.5 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 6.0 | |
2013 | 3.6 | 2.1 | 1.5 | m | 2.5 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 6.1 | |
2014 | 3.6 | 2.1 | 1.5 | m | 2.6 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 6.2 | |
2015 | 3.5 | 2.1 | 1.4 | m | 2.4 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 6.0 | |
2016 | 3.5 | 2.1 | 1.5 | m | 2.3 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 5.9 | |
2017 | 3.6 | 2.2 | 1.4 | m | 2.3 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 5.9 | |
2018 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 1.4 | m | 2.3 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 5.9 | |
2019 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 1.4 | m | 2.2 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 5.7 | |
2020 | 3.6 | 2.3 | 1.3 | m | 2.4 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 6.0 | |
Colombia
4) | 2012 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 0.7 | y | 1.9 | y | y | 6.8 |
2013 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 0.6 | m | 2.2 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 6.6 | |
2014 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 0.5 | m | 1.7 | y | y | 5.8 | |
2015 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 0.5 | y | 2.2 | y | y | 6.2 | |
2016 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 0.6 | y | 1.6 | y | y | 5.7 | |
2017 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 0.6 | m | 0.8 | y | y | 5.5 | |
2018 | 4.0 | 3.4 | 0.6 | m | 0.9 | y | y | 4.9 | |
2019 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 0.7 | m | 1.4 | y | y | 5.7 | |
2020 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 0.8 | m | 1.5 | y | y | 6.6 | |
Latvia | 2012 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 4.2 |
2013 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 4.5 | |
2014 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 4.7 | |
2015 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 4.9 | |
2016 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 4.2 | |
2017 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 4.0 | |
2018 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 4.1 | |
2019 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 4.3 | |
2020 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 4.3 | |
Lithuania | 2012 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
2013 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.7 | a | 1.7 | 4.4 | |
2014 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.7 | a | 1.7 | 4.2 | |
2015 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.5 | a | 1.5 | 3.9 | |
2016 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.1 | a | 1.1 | 3.6 | |
2017 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.0 | a | 1.0 | 3.4 | |
2018 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.1 | a | 1.1 | 3.4 | |
2019 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.1 | a | 1.1 | 3.5 | |
2020 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.2 | a | 1.2 | 3.9 | |
Luxembourg | 2012 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 3.7 |
2013 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.5 | y | y | 3.5 | |
2014 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 3.6 | |
2015 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 3.5 | |
2016 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 3.2 | |
2017 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 3.2 | |
2018 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 3.3 | |
2019 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 3.3 | |
2020 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 3.4 | |
Mexico | 2012 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 0.9 | m | 1.3 | y | y | 5.4 |
2013 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 0.9 | a | 1.3 | y | y | 5.2 | |
2014 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 1.0 | a | 1.4 | y | y | 5.4 | |
2015 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 0.9 | a | 1.4 | y | y | 5.3 | |
2016 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 0.9 | a | 1.4 | y | y | 5.1 | |
2017 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 0.8 | a | 1.2 | y | y | 4.4 | |
2018 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 0.8 | a | 1.4 | y | y | 4.6 | |
2019 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 0.8 | a | 1.4 | y | y | 4.6 | |
2020 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 0.8 | a | 1.2 | y | y | 4.5 | |
New Zealand | 2012 | 5.0 | 3.2 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 6.9 |
2013 | 4.7 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 6.5 | |
2014 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 6.4 | |
2015 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 6.3 | |
2016 | 4.7 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 6.4 | |
2017 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 6.3 | |
2018 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 6.2 | |
2019 | 3.5 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 5.1 | |
2020 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 5.4 | |
Netherlands | 2012 | 3.8 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 5.5 |
2013 | 3.8 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 5.5 | |
2014 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 5.4 | |
2015 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 5.4 | |
2016 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 5.2 | |
2017 | 3.5 | 2.3 | 1.2 | a | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 5.2 | |
2018 | 3.5 | 2.3 | 1.2 | a | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 5.2 | |
2019 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 1.2 | a | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 5.1 | |
2020 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 1.2 | a | 1.8 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 5.4 | |
Norway
9) | 2012 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 1.5 | y | 1.6 | y | 1.6 | 6.5 |
2013 | 4.7 | 3.1 | 1.6 | y | 1.6 | y | 1.6 | 6.3 | |
2014 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 6.2 | |
2015 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 6.4 | |
2016 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 6.5 | |
2017 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 6.6 | |
2018 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 6.6 | |
2019 | 4.6 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 6.6 | |
2020 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 6.8 | |
Austria | 2012 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 4.9 |
2013 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 5.0 | |
2014 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 4.9 | |
2015 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 4.9 | |
2016 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 4.9 | |
2017 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 4.8 | |
2018 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 4.7 | |
2019 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 4.7 | |
2020 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 4.9 | |
Poland
5) | 2012 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 4.8 |
2013 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 4.8 | |
2014 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 4.7 | |
2015 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 4.6 | |
2016 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 4.4 | |
2017 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 4.3 | |
2018 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 4.4 | |
2019 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 4.5 | |
2020 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 4.6 | |
Portugal | 2012 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 1.5 | y | 1.3 | a | 1.3 | 5.9 |
2013 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 1.5 | y | 1.4 | a | 1.4 | 6.1 | |
2014 | 4.5 | 3.1 | 1.4 | y | 1.4 | a | 1.4 | 5.8 | |
2015 | 3.9 | 2.8 | 1.2 | y | 1.3 | a | 1.3 | 5.2 | |
2016 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 1.2 | y | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 5.0 | |
2017 | 4.0 | 2.8 | 1.2 | y | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 5.2 | |
2018 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 1.2 | y | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 5.0 | |
2019 | 3.7 | 2.6 | 1.1 | y | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 4.8 | |
2020 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 1.2 | y | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 5.1 | |
Sweden | 2012 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 5.4 |
2013 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 5.4 | |
2014 | 3.7 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 5.4 | |
2015 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 5.3 | |
2016 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 5.4 | |
2017 | 3.9 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 5.4 | |
2018 | 4.0 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 5.5 | |
2019 | 3.9 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 5.5 | |
2020 | 4.1 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 5.7 | |
2012 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 0.9 | y | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 4.9 | |
2013 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 1.3 | y | 1.2 | y | 1.2 | 5.1 | |
2014 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 0.9 | y | 1.3 | y | 1.3 | 4.7 | |
2015 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2016 | m | m | 1.3 | y | m | m | m | m | |
2017 | m | m | 1.3 | y | m | m | m | m | |
2018 | m | m | 1.2 | y | m | m | m | m | |
2019 | m | m | 1.2 | y | m | m | m | m | |
2020 | m | m | 1.2 | y | m | m | m | m | |
Slovakia
10) | 2012 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 0.9 | y | 1.0 | y | 1.0 | 3.8 |
2013 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 3.8 | |
2014 | 2.8 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 3.9 | |
2015 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 4.4 | |
2016 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 3.7 | |
2017 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 3.6 | |
2018 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 3.7 | |
2019 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 3.9 | |
2020 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 4.3 | |
Slovenia | 2012 | 3.7 | 2.6 | 1.1 | y | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 4.9 |
2013 | 3.7 | 2.6 | 1.1 | a | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 4.8 | |
2014 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 1.0 | a | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 4.6 | |
2015 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 0.9 | a | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 4.3 | |
2016 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 0.9 | a | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 4.3 | |
2017 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 0.9 | a | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 4.2 | |
2018 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 0.9 | a | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 4.2 | |
2019 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 0.8 | a | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 4.2 | |
2020 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 0.9 | a | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 4.6 | |
Spain | 2012 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 0.9 | y | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 4.3 |
2013 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 0.9 | y | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 4.3 | |
2014 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 0.9 | y | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 4.3 | |
2015 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 0.9 | y | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 4.4 | |
2016 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 0.9 | y | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 4.3 | |
2017 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 0.9 | y | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 4.3 | |
2018 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 0.9 | y | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 4.3 | |
2019 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 0.9 | y | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 4.3 | |
2020 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 1.1 | y | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 5.0 | |
South Korea | 2012 | 3.7 | 2.4 | 1.3 | a | 2.3 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 6.7 |
2013 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 1.2 | m | 2.3 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 5.9 | |
2014 | 4.0 | 2.7 | 1.3 | a | 2.3 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 6.3 | |
2015 | 4.0 | 2.7 | 1.3 | a | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 5.8 | |
2016 | 3.7 | 2.4 | 1.2 | a | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 5.4 | |
2017 | 3.5 | 2.3 | 1.1 | a | 1.6 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 5.0 | |
2018 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 1.1 | a | 1.6 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 5.1 | |
2019 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 1.2 | a | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 5.3 | |
2020 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 1.1 | a | 1.6 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 5.1 | |
Czech Republic | 2012 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 4.4 |
2013 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 4.0 | |
2014 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 3.9 | |
2015 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 3.8 | |
2016 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 3.5 | |
2017 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 3.6 | |
2018 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 4.1 | |
2019 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 4.3 | |
2020 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 4.5 | |
Turkey | 2012 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | a | 1.4 | y | y | 4.4 |
2013 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 1.1 | a | 1.7 | y | y | 5.0 | |
2014 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 1.0 | a | 1.8 | y | y | 4.9 | |
2015 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 1.1 | a | 1.7 | y | y | 4.8 | |
2016 | 3.5 | 2.1 | 1.5 | a | 1.9 | y | y | 5.4 | |
2017 | 3.3 | 1.9 | 1.5 | a | 1.7 | y | y | 5.0 | |
2018 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 1.5 | a | 1.7 | y | y | 5.1 | |
2019 | 3.6 | 2.1 | 1.5 | a | 1.6 | y | y | 5.2 | |
2020 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 1.3 | a | 1.5 | y | y | 4.7 | |
Hungary | 2012 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 4.1 |
2013 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 3.8 | |
2014 | 2.8 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 3.8 | |
2015 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 3.8 | |
2016 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 4.3 | |
2017 | 2.9 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 3.9 | |
2018 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 3.8 | |
2019 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 3.8 | |
2020 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 3.7 | |
United Kingdom | 2012 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 1.5 | a | 1.8 | y | y | 6.3 |
2013 | 4.8 | 3.1 | 1.7 | a | 1.8 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 6.7 | |
2014 | 4.8 | 3.1 | 1.7 | a | 1.8 | m | m | 6.6 | |
2015 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 1.4 | a | 1.9 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 6.2 | |
2016 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 1.5 | a | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 6.2 | |
2017 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 1.4 | a | 2.0 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 6.3 | |
2018 | 4.1 | 2.9 | 1.3 | a | 2.0 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 6.1 | |
2019 | 4.1 | 2.8 | 1.2 | a | 2.0 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 6.0 | |
2020 | 4.2 | 2.9 | 1.3 | a | 2.1 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 6.3 | |
United States | 2012 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 1.0 | y | 2.8 | y | y | 6.4 |
2013 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 1.0 | y | 2.6 | y | y | 6.2 | |
2014 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 2.7 | y | y | 6.2 | |
2015 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 2.6 | y | y | 6.1 | |
2016 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 2.5 | y | y | 6.0 | |
2017 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 2.6 | y | y | 6.1 | |
2018 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 2.5 | y | y | 6.0 | |
2019 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 2.5 | y | y | 6.0 | |
2020 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 2.5 | y | y | 6.1 | |
OECD average
11) | 2012 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 5.3 |
2013 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 5.2 | |
2014 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 5.2 | |
2015 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 5.0 | |
2016 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 1.1 | m | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 5.0 | |
2017 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 1.1 | m | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 4.9 | |
2018 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 1.1 | m | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 4.9 | |
2019 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 1.0 | m | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 4.9 | |
2020 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 1.1 | m | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 5.1 | |
EU average
12) | 2012 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 4.9 |
2013 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 5.0 | |
2014 | 3.5 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 4.9 | |
2015 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 4.6 | |
2016 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 1.0 | m | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 4.5 | |
2017 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 1.0 | m | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 4.5 | |
2018 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 4.4 | |
2019 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 0.9 | m | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 4.4 | |
2020 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 4.5 | |
Argentina | 2012 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
2013 | 4.4 | 3.4 | 1.0 | a | 1.1 | y | y | 5.5 | |
2014 | 4.4 | 3.4 | 1.0 | a | 1.2 | y | y | 5.6 | |
2015 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2016 | m | m | m | a | m | m | m | m | |
2017 | m | m | m | a | m | m | m | m | |
2018 | m | m | m | a | m | m | m | m | |
2019 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2020 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Brazil
9) | 2012 | 4.7 | 3.5 | 1.2 | a | 0.9 | y | y | 5.6 |
2013 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 1.1 | y | 0.9 | y | y | 5.2 | |
2014 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 1.0 | y | 0.8 | y | y | 4.9 | |
2015 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 1.1 | y | 1.0 | y | y | 5.0 | |
2016 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2017 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2018 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2019 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2020 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
China | 2012 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
2013 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2014 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2015 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2016 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2017 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2018 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2019 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2020 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
India | 2012 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
2013 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2014 | m | m | m | m | m | a | m | m | |
2015 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2016 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2017 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2018 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2019 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2020 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Indonesia
4) | 2012 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 0.5 | a | 0.8 | y | y | 3.7 |
2013 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 0.4 | a | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 2.8 | |
2014 | m | 2.1 | 0.6 | a | 0.7 | y | y | 3.4 | |
2015 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2016 | m | m | m | a | m | m | m | m | |
2017 | m | m | m | a | m | m | m | m | |
2018 | m | m | m | a | m | m | m | m | |
2019 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2020 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Russien Federation | 2012 | 2.3 | y | y | y | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 4.0 |
2013 | 2.3 | y | 2.3 | y | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 3.8 | |
2014 | 2.1 | y | 2.1 | y | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 3.3 | |
2015 | 1.9 | y | 1.9 | y | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 3.1 | |
2016 | 2.0 | y | y | y | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 3.1 | |
2017 | 2.4 | y | 2.4 | y | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 3.4 | |
2018 | 2.4 | y | 2.4 | y | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 3.4 | |
2019 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2020 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Saudi Arabia | 2012 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
2013 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2014 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2015 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2016 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2017 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2018 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2019 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2020 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2012 | 4.7 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.7 | y | y | 6.0 | |
2013 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2014 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2015 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2016 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2017 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2018 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2019 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
2020 | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Source: OECD, Education at a Glance
Notes:
1) According to the ISCED classification: International Standard Classification for Education 2011. For older data according to ISCED 1997 see archive table 2.1.12. For data on early childhood education (ISCED 2011) see table 2.1.23.
2) From public and private sources of funds including international sources.
3) Year of reference 2012: including undistributed programmes.
4) The year specifications may differ from the years of reference. For a detailed specification see source.
5) Year of reference 2014: vocational programmes in upper secondary education include information from vocational programmes in lower secondary education.
6) Year of reference 2020: upper secondary education includes information from vocational programmes in lower secondary education.
7) Upper secondary education includes data from lower secondary education.
8) As of 2014, primary education includes data from pre-primary (ISCED 02) and lower secondary education.
9) Partially public expenditure only.
10) Year of reference 2014: ISCED 6 to 8 include expenditure on public institutions only.
11) For a precise allocation of which states were included in the calculation of the OECD average in the individual reporting years, see the respective edition of "Education at a Glance".
12) Average of the states of the European Union (for an exact allocation see source). 2012: EU21 average; 2013 to 2015: EU22 average; 2016 to 2017: EU23 average; 2018 to 2019: EU22 average after the United Kingdom left the EU; as of 2020: EU25 average.
a = data not applicable because category does not apply.
m = data not available.
y = data included in other category or column of the table.
Last update: September 18, 2023
This work is licensed under a Data licence Germany attribution non-commercial 1.0.
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