Tab.1.3.3,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Government expenditure on research and development in selected European countries, by various criteria (budget appropriations)",,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,Germany 1),Finland,France 2),Ireland,Italy 3),Netherlands,Austria 4),Portugal 5),Sweden 6),Spain 7),EU27 8),United Kingdom
Government expenditure on R&D,Year 9),Millions of US dollars,Millions of US dollars,Millions of US dollars,Millions of US dollars,Millions of US dollars,Millions of US dollars,Millions of US dollars,Millions of US dollars,Millions of US dollars,Millions of US dollars,Millions of US dollars,Millions of US dollars
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1981,8793.9,267,7203.8,86.9,3246.9,1404.8,409.2,m,1069.1,737.8,m,6656.8
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1982,9715.4,309,7991.5,92.4,3376.5,1600.2,457.9,m,1213.3,790,m,6819.9
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1983,9713,335.8,8789.9,89,3847.8,1668.7,499.7,m,1362.5,804.3,m,7271.4
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1984,10031.6,365.3,9474.4,92.1,4428.3,1713.8,541.7,m,1459.8,921.7,m,7662.4
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1985,10977.7,429.3,10312,112.6,4778.1,1710.5,579.3,m,1469.5,1056.4,m,7647.8
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1986,11054.2,470.3,10047.6,119.7,5499.5,1933.9,627.8,161.1,1475,1097.6,m,7687.6
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1987,11585.4,517.3,10806.4,129.1,6122.4,2244.8,640.5,213.3,1622.2,1374.4,m,7692.8
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1988,11852.9,563.1,11434.9,128.9,7009,2244.7,692,247.9,1695.7,1688,m,7701.7
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1989,12714.3,626,12315.7,123.8,6852.6,2362.7,760.9,280.3,1736.9,2223.7,m,7869.3
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1990,13557,708.8,13732.5,129.9,7226,2821.3,794.4,381,1850.1,2617,m,7857.7
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1991,15940.2,809.6,13956.2,146.1,7729.1,2725.5,954.4,440.8,1977.9,2805.8,53041.5,7744.8
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1992,16351.2,861.9,13532.3,161.8,8483.5,2726.4,1016.5,564.6,2012.6,2785,53931.8,7744.8
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1993,16257.6,909.8,13541.8,181.3,7455,2735.1,1134.1,575.9,2049,2718.1,52915.6,8209.4
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1994,16037.5,918.5,13710,168.6,7040,2774.3,1224.3,557.3,2010,2761.8,52534.6,7960.4
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1995,16422.9,943.9,13387.8,215.4,6842.2,2851.5,1226.1,590.1,2092.7,3002.8,53117,7908.8
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1996,16891.7,946.3,13351.4,241.4,7156,2850.8,1202.9,693.3,2116.8,3058,54411.3,8162.3
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1997,16452.6,1196.7,12953.5,241.5,7734.7,3117,1216,743.3,m,3373.3,55255.7,8499.7
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1998,16534.3,1260.3,13210.8,248.7,7672.9,3167.5,1309,824.3,1634.4,4073.9,56530.4,8093.7
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),1999,17107.2,1285.4,13531.6,278.4,7538.5,3349.1,1387,974.4,1632.4,4378.5,58400,8716.4
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2000,17233.8,1317,14879.9,320.1,9508.4,3801.5,1418.5,1079.2,1725.8,5134.9,63837.7,9492.1
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2001,17704.9,1348.9,16276.2,386.3,10349.9,3984.5,1526.5,1159.4,2035.5,6036.9,68782.8,9722.3
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2002,18326.6,1391.3,17207,475.2,m,4336,1630,923.5,2263.6,7235.5,72850.1,11493.7
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2003,19087.8,1450,16996.4,526.4,m,4250.4,1635.1,929.6,2451.2,7562.9,74582,11781.5
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2004,19362.8,1577.4,17009.7,612,m,4319,1751.5,961.6,2479.9,5879.7,74007.8,12291.6
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2005,19732,1648,18220.2,710.7,11199.3,4391.9,1836.6,1045.6,2508,6440.7,77493.5,12116.1
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2006,20773.9,1778.1,16320.2,780.2,11057.8,4868,1973.8,1074.5,2718.3,9154,81573.1,12889.3
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2007,22340.1,1861.3,15877.6,933.7,12282.5,5061.6,2039.4,1164.3,2784.7,10907.6,87446.4,13178
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2008,24002.6,1988.6,19222.1,985.1,12685.7,5404,2325.3,1283.2,2915.4,11592.3,96720.3,13160.6
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2009,26765.7,2151,20293.5,987.9,12677.1,5718.4,2547.9,1467,3168.4,12104.9,102673.6,13277.7
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2010,28584.4,2297.2,19139.8,970.8,12347.7,5686.3,2694.9,1563,3269,11427.2,103045.8,13314.6
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2011,30103.1,2306.8,19983.8,946.2,12075.3,5950.6,2920.6,1251.4,3276.2,10155.5,104426.4,12902.2
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2012,30575.2,2272.1,17925.9,914.1,11798.8,5672.9,3014.8,974,3602.1,8899.8,101888.3,12974.6
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2013,32745.9,2228.8,18457.1,889.5,11453,6006.6,3246.3,1155.9,3662.5,8420.5,106187.3,14362.8
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2014,33186.3,2206.3,18349.2,887.4,11425,6026,3314.3,1087.4,3766.6,8721.4,107231.1,14571.5
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2015,34098.5,2205,17526.4,909.4,11333,6025.7,3436.2,1174.1,3741.9,9089.8,108329.8,14663.5
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2016,37667.8,2084.7,18009.5,905.6,12467.6,6192.8,3701.4,1240.2,3897.9,9422.4,114605.6,15006.9
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2017,40496.1,2183.6,19150.4,930.6,12743.8,6338.9,3728.7,1270.4,4034.1,9505.6,120369.8,16000
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2018,43184.5,2285.2,20577.9,966.5,13224.4,7107.7,3806.3,1303.7,4084.4,9922,126826.5,17184.5
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2019,47363.6,2431.1,22922,1010.1,15195,7343.6,4076.3,1356.8,4312.3,10730.6,141888.3,18179.8
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2020,52588,2850.7,24541.9,1117.8,17428.7,8108.2,4510.3,1365.1,4560,11485.1,155978.9,21432.5
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2021,57624.1,2855.9,25748.1,1260.2,18909.4,9334.6,4582.7,1448.9,5136.5,12678.5,169091.2,21751.3
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2022,61996.1,3121.4,26551.9,1306,21561.3,10369.2,5174.3,1531.7,5202.9,13825.7,180653.1,m
1.a Total R&D expenditure 10),2023,62811.8,m,m,m,m,12225.5,5850.5,m,5452.1,m,m,m
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1981,8014.5,261.9,4437.2,86.9,3037.3,1361.5,409,m,904.1,701.5,m,3576
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1982,8886.7,303,5098.3,92.4,3215.8,1549.3,457.8,m,985.7,739.4,m,3742.8
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1983,8780,329.3,5911.7,89,3628.1,1622.8,499.5,m,1070.8,753,m,3850.3
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1984,9030.9,358.2,6370.2,92.1,4059.9,1663.9,541.5,m,1133.2,860.7,m,3954.8
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1985,9668.1,421.8,6955.7,112.6,4303.6,1659.1,579.1,m,1116.6,982,m,4139.8
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1986,9715,462.6,6740.3,119.7,5031.5,1880.2,627.7,161.1,1092.4,1034,m,4218.7
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1987,10116.9,508.7,6927.4,129.1,5691.8,2189.2,640.4,213.3,1201.6,1252.1,m,4177.4
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1988,10383.6,554.3,7173.5,128.9,6283.2,2179.1,692,247.9,1288.9,1474.6,m,4349.4
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1989,11088,616,7755.9,123.8,6387.1,2294.9,760.8,280.3,1308.1,1798.3,m,4352.2
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1990,11730.4,698.4,8232.7,129.9,6782.6,2742.8,794.1,381,1413.2,2134.3,m,4440.8
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1991,14189.5,798.1,8921.1,146.1,7117.9,2643.5,954.2,437.7,1437.5,2333.8,44454.6,4342.1
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1992,14710.7,848.8,8698.8,161.8,7884.5,2638.7,1016.4,560.6,1523,2377.2,45777.9,4586.4
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1993,14872.5,890.6,9031.2,181.3,6819.1,2652.5,1134.1,574.2,1567.7,2377,45378.3,4762
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1994,14664.2,899.2,9176.8,168.6,6414.9,2686.1,1224.1,548.9,1630.4,2469.2,45148.5,4865.4
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1995,14935.3,924.3,9374.3,215.4,6519.4,2765.3,1226,574.7,1655.7,2690.4,46353.2,5018.8
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1996,15211.3,927,9380.8,241.4,6936.9,2749.6,1202.8,678.3,1674.7,2728.3,47556.4,5156.4
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1997,14877.4,1178.2,9690.9,241.5,7393.5,3021.8,1216,733,m,2712.8,48929.8,5237.7
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1998,15086.4,1243.1,10122.1,248.7,7469.1,3089.3,1308.9,813.3,1515,2894.5,50301.2,5180.7
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),1999,15682.5,1267.8,10454.6,278.4,7444.1,3275,1387,958.9,1512.4,3233.3,52348.4,5482.4
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2000,15890.8,1299.9,11695.2,320.1,9434.9,3734.9,1418.2,1066.4,1603,3791.9,57589,6108.2
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2001,16399.6,1327.9,12563.7,386.3,9933.3,3914.8,1526.3,1135.4,1737.7,3783.9,60574.3,6751.7
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2002,17326.6,1369.4,13255.5,475.2,m,4266.3,1630,923,1774.4,5309.7,64872,7522.3
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2003,17842.6,1408.4,13104.4,526.4,m,4178,1635.1,929.1,1943.6,5755.4,66488.7,7927.1
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2004,18231.7,1541.4,13233.5,612,m,4266.5,1751.3,961,2067.1,5610.4,67806.6,8536.7
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2005,18597,1593.5,14423,710.7,10792.4,4304.2,1836.3,1044.9,2071,6190.4,71208.6,9274.3
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2006,19427.7,1728.6,11761.8,780.2,10907.2,4771,1973.7,1073.9,2260.5,8906.3,74535.7,9827.8
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2007,20989.1,1817,11303.4,933.7,11724.7,4970.9,2039.3,1163.5,2327.4,10617.4,79919.4,10145.9
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2008,22555.7,1933.1,15128.6,985.1,12527.7,5313.4,2325.1,1282.2,2553.1,11239.4,89952,10306.5
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2009,25309.3,2112.2,15867,987.9,12590.2,5619.7,2547.7,1464.8,2903.1,11828.9,95796.5,10791.9
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2010,27151.7,2234.7,16326.2,970.8,12265.8,5597.2,2694.7,1560.2,3021.8,11264.9,97907.3,10885.8
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2011,28914.7,2248.1,18625.3,946.2,11987.4,5862.9,2920.5,1248.5,3020.6,9985.6,100933.5,11034.5
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2012,29398,2213.6,16649.3,914.1,11714.2,5578.4,3014.6,972.9,3312,8745.7,98407.7,10874.3
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2013,31526.4,2186.5,17295.9,889.5,11363,5932.5,3246,1153.5,3515.8,8298.7,103069.2,12162.6
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2014,31915.2,2159,17133.3,887.4,11330.6,5952.5,3313.1,1083.7,3625.2,8611.8,103997,12115.7
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2015,33035.7,2164,16268.3,909.4,11247.4,5949.7,3435.1,1170.4,3616.8,8960.4,105253.4,12298.9
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2016,36658.4,2044.4,16717.9,905.6,12389.8,6116,3698,1236.3,3764.7,9327.9,111231.4,12637.5
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2017,38946.6,2135.4,17624.6,930.6,12666.8,6268.9,3722.4,1266.4,3945.5,9402.6,116376.1,13598
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2018,41780.2,2229.6,19192,966.5,13143.8,7024.1,3799.5,1298.9,3987.3,9828.9,123228.1,14774.9
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2019,45302.7,2371,21207.2,1010.1,15105.7,7252,4068.9,1352.9,4190.6,10570.6,137077.5,16645.6
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2020,50379.8,2794.4,22440.5,1117.8,17345.3,7951.6,4503.6,1361.8,4445.1,11327,150617,19787.7
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2021,55202.3,2795,23003,1260.2,18802.8,9041.6,4576.7,1445,5023.6,12536.4,162590,18895.8
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2022,58708.7,3061.1,24213.7,1306,21437,10093.7,5164.6,1527.6,5076.5,13467.7,173389.5,m
1.b Civil R&D expenditure 10),2023,60161.8,m,m,m,m,11874.4,5841.2,m,5233.5,m,m,m
Average annual growth of R&D expenditure,Years 9),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%)
2.a Total expenditure,1981 (1991) to 2023 (2022) 11),4.8,6.2,3.2,6.8,4.7,5.3,6.5,6.5,4,7.4,4,3
2.a Total expenditure,2019 to 2023 (2022) 11),7.3,8.7,5,8.9,12.4,13.6,9.5,4.1,6,8.8,8.4,9.4
2.b Civil R&D expenditure,1981 (1991) to 2023 (2022) 11),4.9,6.2,4.2,6.8,4.9,5.3,6.5,6.4,4.3,7.5,4.5,4.2
2.b Civil R&D expenditure,2019 to 2023 (2022) 11),7.3,8.9,4.5,8.9,12.4,13.1,9.5,4.1,5.7,8.4,8.1,6.5
Government expenditure on R&D,Year 9),US dollars,US dollars,US dollars,US dollars,US dollars,US dollars,US dollars,US dollars,US dollars,US dollars,US dollars,US dollars
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1981,142.6,55.6,129.9,25.2,57.5,98.6,54.1,m,128.5,19.3,m,118.1
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1982,157.6,64,143.2,26.6,59.7,111.8,60.5,m,145.7,20.6,m,121.2
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1983,158.1,69.2,156.7,25.4,68,116.1,66.1,m,163.6,20.8,m,129.1
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1984,164,74.8,168,26.1,78.3,118.8,71.6,m,175.1,23.8,m,135.8
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1985,179.9,87.6,182,31.8,84.4,118.1,76.6,m,176,27.2,m,135.2
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1986,181,95.6,176.4,33.8,97.2,132.8,82.9,15.9,176.2,28.1,m,135.6
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1987,189.7,104.9,188.7,36.4,108.2,153.1,84.6,21.1,193.2,35.1,m,135.4
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1988,192.9,113.8,198.5,36.5,123.8,152.1,91.2,24.6,201,43.1,m,135.3
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1989,204.9,126.1,212.6,35.3,120.9,159.2,99.9,27.9,204.5,56.6,m,137.9
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1990,214.3,142.1,235.7,37,127.4,188.8,103.5,38.1,216.2,66.5,m,137.3
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1991,199.3,161.5,238.4,41.4,136.1,180.9,123.1,44.2,229.5,71.2,125.7,134.8
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1992,203.1,171,230,45.5,149.4,179.6,129.6,56.7,232.2,70.5,127.6,134.5
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1993,200.8,179.6,229.2,50.7,131.2,178.9,143.5,57.7,235,68.7,124.9,142.2
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1994,197.6,180.5,231.1,47,123.8,180.4,154.3,55.7,228.9,69.6,123.7,137.6
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1995,202,184.8,224.9,59.8,120.4,184.5,154.3,58.9,237.1,75.6,124.9,136.3
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1996,207.3,184.7,223.5,66.6,125.9,183.6,151.1,68.9,239.4,76.7,127.8,140.3
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1997,201.8,232.8,216.1,65.9,136,199.7,152.6,73.5,m,84.2,129.6,145.8
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1998,203,244.6,219.5,67,134.8,201.7,164.1,81.1,184.7,101.3,132.4,138.4
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),1999,210.1,248.9,223.7,74.2,132.4,211.8,173.5,95.4,184.3,108.5,136.6,148.5
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2000,211.6,254.4,244.3,84.1,167,238.7,177.1,104.9,194.5,126.6,149,161.2
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2001,217.2,260,265.3,100,181.6,248.3,189.8,111.9,228.8,148.1,160.4,164.5
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2002,224.7,267.5,278.4,120.8,m,268.5,201.7,88.6,253.6,174.7,169.5,193.6
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2003,234.1,278.1,273.1,131.7,m,262,201.4,88.9,273.6,179.2,172.9,197.6
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2004,237.7,301.7,271.3,150.5,m,265.3,214.4,91.7,275.7,137.2,171,205
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2005,242.6,314.1,288.4,170.8,192.5,269.1,223.3,99.5,277.8,147.5,178.4,200.6
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2006,255.9,337.6,256.6,182.7,189.3,297.8,238.7,102.1,299.4,206.4,187.2,211.9
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2007,275.8,351.9,248.1,212.2,209,309,245.9,110.4,304.4,241.1,199.9,214.9
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2008,297.2,374.3,298.7,219.1,214.2,328.6,279.4,121.5,316.2,252.1,220.4,212.9
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2009,332.6,402.9,313.7,217.6,212.9,345.9,305.4,138.8,340.7,261.1,233.2,213.3
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2010,356,428.3,294.4,212.9,206.4,342.2,322.3,147.8,348.6,245.4,233.7,212.2
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2011,375,428.1,305.9,206.7,201.2,356.5,348.2,118.5,346.7,217.3,236.5,203.9
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2012,380.2,419.7,273,198.8,196,338.6,357.8,92.6,378.4,190.3,230.4,203.7
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2013,406,409.8,279.7,192.5,189.9,357.5,382.9,110.5,381.5,180.7,239.9,224
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2014,409.8,403.9,276.7,190.7,189.4,357.3,387.9,104.5,388.5,187.7,241.9,225.6
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2015,417.4,402.3,263.2,193.7,188.2,355.7,398.2,113.4,381.9,195.9,243.9,225.2
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2016,457.4,379.4,269.5,190.7,207.4,363.6,423.5,120.1,392.8,202.9,257.4,228.6
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2017,489.9,396.4,285.3,193.8,212.4,370,424,123.3,401.1,204.3,269.9,242.3
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2018,520.9,414.3,305.1,198.8,220.9,412.5,430.7,126.8,401.4,212.3,283.9,258.7
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2019,570,440.3,338.3,205,254.4,423.4,459.2,131.9,419.5,227.8,316.9,272.2
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2020,632.4,515.4,360.9,224.4,293.2,464.9,505.8,132.6,440.4,242.5,348,319.5
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2021,692.6,515.4,377.3,251.1,319.8,532.4,511.9,140.7,493.1,267.9,377.5,324.5
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2022,739.8,561.7,387.8,255.3,365.4,585.8,571.6,148.7,496.1,290.4,402.7,m
3. Total R&D expenditure per capita 10)12),2023,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Government expenditure on R&D,Year 9),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%)
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1981,1.1,0.55,1.22,0.34,0.53,0.85,0.47,m,1.04,0.26,m,1.26
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1982,1.15,0.58,1.24,0.34,0.52,0.92,0.49,m,1.1,0.25,m,1.19
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1983,1.09,0.59,1.3,0.31,0.56,0.91,0.5,m,1.17,0.24,m,1.17
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1984,1.05,0.6,1.33,0.3,0.6,0.87,0.52,m,1.16,0.27,m,1.17
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1985,1.09,0.66,1.38,0.34,0.62,0.82,0.53,m,1.1,0.29,m,1.09
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1986,1.05,0.69,1.29,0.36,0.68,0.89,0.55,0.2,1.06,0.29,m,1.04
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1987,1.06,0.71,1.32,0.36,0.71,0.98,0.54,0.24,1.1,0.33,m,0.96
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1988,1.01,0.71,1.29,0.33,0.75,0.92,0.54,0.25,1.08,0.37,m,0.88
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1989,1.01,0.72,1.28,0.29,0.69,0.89,0.55,0.26,1.04,0.45,m,0.84
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1990,0.98,0.78,1.34,0.27,0.68,0.98,0.53,0.32,1.06,0.49,m,0.8
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1991,0.95,0.92,1.3,0.29,0.7,0.9,0.6,0.35,1.11,0.5,0.81,0.78
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1992,0.93,0.99,1.21,0.3,0.74,0.86,0.61,0.43,1.12,0.48,0.8,0.76
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1993,0.92,1.03,1.19,0.32,0.64,0.84,0.66,0.44,1.13,0.46,0.77,0.76
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1994,0.86,0.98,1.16,0.28,0.58,0.81,0.68,0.41,1.05,0.45,0.73,0.7
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1995,0.85,0.94,1.08,0.32,0.54,0.79,0.65,0.41,1.03,0.46,0.7,0.66
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1996,0.86,0.92,1.05,0.32,0.55,0.75,0.62,0.46,1,0.45,0.69,0.64
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1997,0.82,1.07,0.97,0.29,0.57,0.77,0.6,0.47,m,0.47,0.68,0.63
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1998,0.8,1.04,0.94,0.27,0.54,0.73,0.62,0.49,0.71,0.53,0.66,0.58
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1999,0.79,1,0.92,0.27,0.52,0.72,0.63,0.54,0.67,0.54,0.66,0.61
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2000,0.77,0.95,0.94,0.28,0.62,0.75,0.6,0.56,0.66,0.59,0.67,0.61
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2001,0.76,0.94,0.96,0.31,0.65,0.75,0.64,0.57,0.76,0.64,0.69,0.59
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2002,0.76,0.94,0.98,0.34,m,0.78,0.65,0.44,0.82,0.72,0.7,0.67
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2003,0.77,0.96,0.97,0.36,m,0.77,0.63,0.43,0.86,0.72,0.7,0.65
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2004,0.75,0.97,0.93,0.39,m,0.74,0.63,0.43,0.81,0.52,0.66,0.64
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2005,0.75,0.98,0.95,0.42,0.64,0.72,0.64,0.44,0.81,0.53,0.66,0.61
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2006,0.74,0.98,0.79,0.41,0.59,0.73,0.63,0.41,0.79,0.67,0.64,0.61
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2007,0.75,0.93,0.73,0.45,0.62,0.7,0.62,0.43,0.74,0.74,0.64,0.6
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2008,0.77,0.93,0.85,0.5,0.61,0.71,0.68,0.46,0.75,0.76,0.68,0.58
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2009,0.89,1.06,0.9,0.53,0.62,0.78,0.75,0.52,0.85,0.81,0.73,0.61
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2010,0.9,1.1,0.82,0.49,0.59,0.76,0.77,0.54,0.83,0.77,0.71,0.58
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2011,0.88,1.05,0.82,0.46,0.56,0.76,0.78,0.44,0.78,0.68,0.69,0.55
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2012,0.88,1.03,0.72,0.43,0.54,0.72,0.77,0.35,0.83,0.6,0.66,0.53
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2013,0.9,0.99,0.71,0.4,0.52,0.73,0.8,0.4,0.82,0.56,0.67,0.56
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2014,0.87,0.97,0.69,0.37,0.52,0.73,0.79,0.36,0.82,0.56,0.65,0.55
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2015,0.88,0.95,0.64,0.28,0.51,0.71,0.8,0.38,0.78,0.56,0.64,0.53
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2016,0.9,0.84,0.63,0.27,0.52,0.7,0.8,0.38,0.78,0.54,0.63,0.52
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2017,0.92,0.83,0.64,0.25,0.51,0.67,0.78,0.37,0.77,0.52,0.63,0.53
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2018,0.94,0.84,0.66,0.23,0.51,0.71,0.76,0.36,0.75,0.52,0.64,0.55
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2019,0.98,0.84,0.66,0.23,0.55,0.69,0.76,0.35,0.73,0.52,0.66,0.54
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2020,1.09,0.96,0.73,0.23,0.66,0.76,0.86,0.37,0.76,0.62,0.74,0.67
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2021,1.12,0.89,0.71,0.22,0.64,0.79,0.81,0.36,0.78,0.61,0.73,0.61
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2022,1.11,0.9,0.68,0.19,0.65,0.79,0.81,0.33,0.73,0.59,0.7,m
4. Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2023,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m
Government expenditure on R&D,Years 9),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%)
5. Average annual growth of the nominal gross domestic product 12),1981 (1991) to 2022 11),4.9,4.9,4.7,8.4,4.2,5.2,5,4.7,4.8,5.2,4.5,5
5. Average annual growth of the nominal gross domestic product 12),2018 to 2022 11),5.1,6.2,5.8,13.5,6.1,7.3,6.3,3.3,7,5.1,6.5,5.3
,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Source: German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, calculations; OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators 2023/2",,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Notes:,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"1) Until 1990, western German Länder only.",,,,,,,,,,,,,
2) 2006 and 2007: limited comparability because some departments have not been included in the calculation.,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"3) Until 1990, including extramural R&D expenditure.",,,,,,,,,,,,,
4) Definition differs.,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"5) Until 2001, including EU funding programs.",,,,,,,,,,,,,
"6) Until 1993, excluding R&D in the social sciences and humanities. As of 1998, data exclude funding by public research foundations. Until 2005, central government R&D was taken into account only.",,,,,,,,,,,,,
"7) Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included, in order to ensure international comparability.",,,,,,,,,,,,,
8) Status of EU membership as of February 2020 (excluding the United Kingdom). The results were calculated back to 1991.,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"9) Some figures are revised, provisional, estimated or only partly comparable with figures from previous years (see original edition of ""Main Science and Technology Indicators 2023/2"").",,,,,,,,,,,,,
10) Nominal expenditure converted into US dollar purchasing power parities.,,,,,,,,,,,,,
11) The figures are based on years for that data are available.,,,,,,,,,,,,,
12) No data on the population and gross domestic product is yet available for the calculation for 2023.,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,
data not available.,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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"Results of the ICE-BMBF's ICE-Database of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (ICE = Information, Controlling, Entscheidung)",,,,,,,,,,,,,
"A system of the German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies (DZHW), http://www.dzhw.eu/en/index_html",,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Last update: April 19, 2024",,,,,,,,,,,,,
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This work is licensed under a Data licence Germany attribution non-commercial 1.0.,,,,,,,,,,,,,
(https://www.govdata.de/dl-de/by-nc-1-0),,,,,,,,,,,,,