Tab.0.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Structural data of Germany 1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,1960,1970,1980,1990,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022 Structural data,"1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000" Population 2),55958,61001,61658,63726,81817,82012,82057,82037,82163,82260,82440,82537,82532,82501,82438,82315,82218,82002,81802,81752,80328,80524,80767,81198,82176,82522,82792,83019,83167,83155,83237,84359 Male 2),26328,29072,29481,30851,39825,39955,39992,40004,40091,40157,40275,40345,40356,40354,40340,40301,40274,40184,40104,40112,39230,39381,39557,39835,40514,40697,40844,40967,41038,41027,41067,41559 Female 2),29631,31930,32177,32875,41993,42057,42065,42033,42073,42103,42166,42192,42176,42147,42098,42014,41944,41818,41699,41639,41098,41143,41211,41362,41662,41825,41949,42053,42129,42129,42170,42800 Foreigners 2),m,2738,4566,5447,7343,7492,7419,7308,7336,7268,7318,7348,7342,7288,7289,7256,7255,7186,7131,7199,6342,6644,7015,7540,8652,9220,9679,10089,10398,10585,10893,12324 Live births,1262,1048,866,906,765,796,812,785,771,767,734,719,707,706,686,673,685,683,665,678,663,674,682,715,738,792,785,788,778,773,795,739 Live births of foreigners 3),11,63,81,86,100,106,107,100,95,50,44,41,39,36,30,29,31,34,33,33,32,32,39,52,68,97,98,105,106,106,106,111 Surplus of births (+) or deaths (-),385,72,-87,-16,-119,-87,-48,-67,-76,-72,-94,-122,-147,-113,-144,-149,-142,-162,-189,-181,-190,-196,-212,-153,-188,-119,-147,-167,-161,-212,-228,-328 Net immigration (+) or net emigration (-) 4),176,555,298,670,398,282,94,47,202,167,273,219,143,83,79,23,44,-56,-13,128,279,369,429,550,1139,500,416,400,327,220,329,1462 Employed persons 5),26194,25951,26874,29334,36048,35982,35805,35860,36402,36604,36816,36536,36172,35659,36566,37344,38163,38734,38662,38938,38916,39206,39618,39942,40279,41339,41641,41895,42379,41562,41552,42527 Male,16340,16441,16782,17585,20939,20706,20549,20509,20659,20680,20629,20336,19996,19681,20135,20477,20890,21188,20972,21048,20894,21067,21193,21344,21491,22107,22272,22380,22608,22141,22130,22626 Female,9854,9510,10092,11749,15109,15276,15256,15351,15744,15924,16187,16200,16176,15978,16432,16867,17272,17546,17690,17891,18022,18139,18425,18597,18788,19232,19369,19514,19771,19421,19422,19901 "Employed foreigners, of which 6)",279,1807,2018,1775,m,2120,2044,2030,1839,1899,1949,1930,1813,1739,1712,1739,1788,1854,1830,1879,2019,2193,2341,2563,2829,3134,3470,3848,4153,4236,4546,5142 Greeks,m,230,132,103,m,115,110,109,106,109,110,107,99,93,90,88,88,88,85,85,90,100,109,117,124,131,138,145,149,146,149,156 Italians,m,364,305,170,m,205,202,203,199,203,203,196,181,173,169,170,173,177,175,179,187,196,206,218,232,244,255,267,274,269,275,285 Portuguese,m,40,59,42,m,52,52,52,48,48,48,46,43,41,40,40,40,41,41,41,44,47,51,53,56,58,60,61,62,62,64,67 Spaniards,m,163,86,61,m,48,46,45,40,40,40,39,37,34,34,33,33,33,33,34,36,40,48,56,60,64,67,69,71,71,76,84 Turks,m,323,578,598,m,581,564,569,521,543,548,531,491,466,451,453,468,484,466,475,495,501,499,503,510,516,527,539,542,531,539,562 Unemployed persons 7),271,149,889,1883,3612,3965,4384,4281,4100,3890,3853,4061,4377,4381,4861,4487,3761,3259,3415,3239,2976,2897,2950,2898,2795,2691,2533,2340,2267,2695,2613,2418 Female,m,m,462,915,1761,1854,2042,2007,1940,1836,1789,1821,1931,1933,2258,2150,1867,1596,1552,1479,1390,1347,1353,1333,1277,1208,1135,1048,1004,1175,1159,1106 Male,m,m,426,968,1851,2112,2342,2273,2160,2053,2064,2240,2446,2449,2603,2338,1894,1663,1863,1760,1586,1550,1597,1565,1517,1483,1398,1292,1263,1521,1455,1313 Unemployed persons without completed vocational training 8),m,m,444,808,1374,1511,1630,1531,1482,1396,1386,1396,1446,1462,1872,1804,1534,1337,1430,1340,1282,1215,1284,1303,1294,1263,1157,1202,1181,1408,1403,1344 Female,m,m,256,409,665,707,755,713,689,647,624,603,606,613,890,894,765,649,655,621,605,571,599,611,602,576,524,539,525,615,629,627 Male,m,m,188,399,709,804,875,818,793,749,762,793,840,849,982,910,769,688,775,718,677,644,685,693,691,687,632,662,656,793,774,716 Unemployed persons with in-company/school training 8),m,m,337,800,1941,2130,2452,2236,2263,2114,2176,2322,2507,2549,2517,2209,1817,1569,1688,1575,1389,1307,1359,1327,1240,1137,1028,926,877,1028,969,846 Female,m,m,180,390,1005,1058,1235,1120,1153,1059,1074,1105,1190,1209,1211,1112,942,805,752,702,637,595,607,595,552,501,453,408,379,435,415,362 Male,m,m,157,410,936,1072,1217,1116,1110,1055,1102,1217,1317,1340,1306,1097,875,764,937,873,752,712,752,732,688,636,575,518,498,593,555,484 Unemployed persons with academic degree 8)9),m,m,42,120,206,207,227,198,197,175,180,224,253,254,257,224,193,175,164,178,168,170,191,203,202,194,194,185,187,238,222,205 Female,m,m,18,59,87,87,97,86,88,79,83,101,115,118,123,109,98,92,78,84,81,82,92,97,96,90,91,88,90,115,107,103 Male,m,m,24,61,119,120,130,112,109,96,97,123,138,136,134,115,95,83,86,94,87,88,99,105,106,104,103,97,98,123,115,101 Structural data,Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%),Share (%) Unemployment rate 10),m,m,m,m,9.4,10.4,11.4,11.1,10.5,9.6,9.4,9.8,10.5,10.5,11.7,10.8,9,7.8,8.1,7.7,7.1,6.8,6.9,6.7,6.4,6.1,5.7,5.2,5,5.9,5.7,5.3 Unemployment rate of persons without completed vocational training 11),m,m,5.9,13.3,21.9,24.2,26.9,25.8,23.4,22.2,22.1,22.6,23.5,24.6,26,24,22.1,20.1,21.9,20.7,19.8,19.7,20,19.9,20.3,19.1,17.9,17.4,17,m,m,m Unemployment rate of persons with in-company/school training 11),m,m,2.1,4,7.4,8.1,9.3,8.5,8.7,8.1,8.3,8.8,9.6,9.9,9.7,8.5,7,6,6.6,5.8,5.1,5,5.1,4.9,4.6,4.2,3.9,3.4,3.3,m,m,m Unemployment rate of persons with university of applied sciences degree 11),m,m,1.8,2.8,3.4,3,3,2.6,m,m,m,2.9,3.7,3.7,3.8,3.3,2.6,2.1,2.8,2.7,2.6,2.6,2.6,2.7,2.5,2.4,2.4,2.1,2.1,m,m,m Unemployment rate of persons with university degree 11),m,m,1.9,3.9,4.3,4.2,4.5,3.9,m,m,m,4.2,4.3,4.1,4.3,3.6,3.1,2.7,2.3,2.3,2.3,2.5,2.4,2.5,2.4,2.2,2.2,2,2,m,m,m Structural data,"1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000" Pupils,8457,10976,11763,9044,12377,12560,12696,12709,12705,12642,12565,12480,12453,12387,12276,12138,11987,11830,11675,11485,11291,11114,10951,10872,10832,10885,10837,10780,10744,10735,10746,10953 Male,m,m,6162,4724,6412,6494,6558,6555,6559,6526,6493,6449,6436,6408,6353,6284,6210,6128,6048,5955,5862,5777,5698,5661,5652,5709,5690,5655,5632,5617,5616,5717 Female,m,m,5600,4320,5965,6066,6138,6153,6146,6116,6071,6031,6016,5980,5923,5854,5777,5701,5627,5530,5429,5337,5253,5211,5180,5175,5147,5125,5112,5118,5130,5236 Foreigners,m,187,747,966,1146,1174,1179,1157,1160,1155,1156,1156,1156,1143,1118,1085,1042,1002,969,933,872,835,818,833,912,1098,1167,1216,1269,1298,1341,1568 " Of which, pupils at general schools",6669,8992,9186,6882,9931,10070,10146,10108,10048,9960,9870,9780,9727,9625,9505,9356,9184,9024,8906,8797,8678,8557,8420,8367,8335,8370,8347,8330,8327,8381,8436,8693 Male,m,m,4704,3521,5054,5124,5162,5138,5110,5063,5017,4970,4942,4890,4828,4753,4666,4586,4530,4479,4423,4366,4300,4273,4260,4288,4271,4258,4252,4274,4299,4428 Female,m,m,4482,3360,4877,4946,4985,4970,4938,4898,4854,4811,4785,4735,4677,4603,4518,4438,4376,4318,4255,4191,4120,4093,4075,4082,4076,4072,4074,4107,4138,4265 New entrants,m,m,636,656,953,954,940,870,836,812,781,806,844,821,822,793,773,735,726,707,711,688,690,711,704,721,725,728,733,750,771,814 " Of which, pupils at vocational schools",1788,1984,2576,2162,2446,2490,2550,2601,2656,2682,2694,2700,2726,2763,2771,2782,2803,2806,2769,2688,2612,2557,2531,2506,2497,2515,2490,2450,2417,2355,2310,2260 Male,m,m,1458,1203,1357,1370,1396,1418,1449,1463,1476,1479,1494,1518,1525,1531,1544,1543,1518,1476,1439,1412,1398,1388,1392,1422,1419,1397,1379,1343,1318,1289 Female,m,m,1118,960,1088,1121,1154,1183,1208,1218,1218,1221,1231,1245,1246,1251,1258,1263,1251,1212,1173,1146,1133,1118,1105,1093,1071,1053,1038,1011,992,971 " Pupils at schools for nurses, midwives etc.",m,65,97,97,115,124,122,121,116,113,112,113,118,120,121,123,124,124,128,132,135,149,150,153,153,155,154,157,165,149,140,185 Apprentices,1279,1269,1715,1477,1579,1592,1622,1658,1698,1702,1685,1622,1582,1564,1553,1571,1595,1613,1571,1508,1461,1430,1392,1359,1337,1321,1324,1331,1329,1289,1255,1216 Male,818,820,1061,847,951,959,974,994,1011,1007,993,957,939,937,936,950,969,975,944,909,886,873,854,838,827,822,834,851,859,840,822,796 Female,461,449,655,630,628,633,648,664,687,695,691,665,643,627,617,620,626,639,627,600,575,557,538,521,510,499,490,480,470,449,433,420 Foreigners,m,m,m,98,121,116,110,104,101,97,92,85,79,72,68,66,69,73,76,77,78,79,80,83,87,96,113,131,143,141,135,130 Apprentices with new training contracts,m,m,670,538,579,579,598,612,636,623,610,568,564,572,559,581,624,608,561,559,566,549,526,518,517,510,516,522,513,466,466,470 Students at higher education,247,422,1036,1579,1858,1838,1824,1801,1774,1799,1869,1939,2020,1964,1986,1979,1942,2026,2121,2218,2381,2499,2617,2699,2758,2807,2845,2868,2891,2944,2946,2920 Male,181,292,656,974,1083,1055,1030,1000,970,970,995,1021,1062,1026,1037,1033,1015,1058,1106,1158,1255,1314,1372,1409,1434,1454,1465,1466,1465,1476,1468,1444 Female,66,130,380,605,775,783,794,801,804,829,873,919,958,937,949,947,927,968,1015,1060,1126,1185,1245,1290,1324,1353,1380,1402,1426,1468,1478,1476 Foreigners,21,25,58,100,146,152,158,166,175,187,206,227,246,246,248,246,234,239,245,252,265,282,301,322,340,359,375,395,412,416,441,458 First-year students,53,87,193,278,262,267,267,272,291,315,345,359,378,359,356,345,361,397,424,445,519,495,509,505,507,510,513,512,509,490,472,474 Foreign first-year students,5,5,13,24,37,38,40,44,50,55,64,69,71,68,66,63,64,70,74,80,88,95,102,109,115,118,122,126,125,100,117,129 School graduates/school-leavers from full-time schools 12),469,489,501,254,308,316,322,324,323,321,325,324,330,328,316,313,299,275,250,233,218,205,198,194,187,188,187,187,185,169,170,177 With secondary general school certificate,355,349,391,200,232,237,241,241,239,234,236,239,246,246,238,237,229,210,192,180,169,157,151,147,140,139,134,134,132,124,122,125 Without secondary general school certificate,114,140,109,54,76,79,80,83,84,87,89,85,84,82,78,76,71,65,58,53,50,48,46,47,47,49,53,54,53,45,47,52 School graduates with intermediate school certificate 12),117,200,422,284,391,404,420,436,440,441,441,452,456,499,480,482,485,469,453,445,428,431,475,469,460,465,444,425,419,419,417,412 School graduates with higher education entrance qualification 12),57,92,222,275,308,315,323,330,340,348,343,362,369,387,400,415,434,442,449,457,505,500,476,435,445,454,441,433,419,382,394,385 Apprentices who passed final examinations,m,m,568,532,503,488,483,487,491,503,514,513,504,493,478,480,m,455,469,479,477,445,430,424,415,400,393,387,383,380,379,377 Higher education graduates,48,87,124,166,230,237,237,228,222,214,208,209,218,231,252,266,286,309,339,362,392,413,436,461,482,492,502,499,508,477,518,506 Teachers at all schools,264,389,557,542,778,780,783,786,782,785,789,792,796,793,790,792,789,788,795,798,794,789,787,786,790,799,805,811,818,827,833,835 " Of which, teachers at general schools",224,339,478,458,670,672,668,669,669,672,674,675,677,672,668,668,665,664,671,673,670,666,665,664,668,674,679,686,694,702,709,711 " Of which, teachers at vocational schools",39,51,79,84,108,109,115,117,113,113,115,117,119,121,122,124,124,123,124,125,124,123,122,122,123,125,126,125,125,125,124,124 Teachers at higher education 13),m,m,85,109,152,154,154,156,157,157,160,164,166,165,166,169,175,185,199,211,218,225,233,236,239,242,250,256,261,269,276,278 " Of which, teachers at universities",m,m,76,98,136,138,137,139,139,139,142,145,146,144,145,149,154,163,174,183,188,194,200,202,204,207,212,216,220,227,232,233 " Of which, teachers at universities of applied sciences",m,m,9,11,16,17,17,17,18,18,19,20,20,20,20,21,21,22,25,27,29,31,33,34,35,36,38,40,41,42,44,45 Other higher education staff 13),m,m,161,205,268,266,266,265,267,265,265,266,265,260,254,251,255,259,268,274,279,283,288,289,295,300,304,311,325,339,347,353 Structural data,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number,Number Student-teacher ratio at general schools,30,27,19,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,14,14,14,14,14,14,14,13,13,13,13,13,13,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12 Student-teacher ratio at vocational schools,45,39,33,26,23,23,22,22,24,24,23,23,23,23,23,23,23,23,22,22,21,21,21,21,20,20,20,20,19,19,19,18 Students per teacher at universities,m,m,11,12,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,9,9,9,8,8,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,8,8,8,8,8 Students per teacher at universities of applied sciences,m,m,22,34,27,26,26,25,25,25,26,26,28,27,28,28,27,27,27,26,27,27,27,27,27,28,27,26,26,27,26,26 Structural data,"1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000","1,000" Full-time staff in the public sector 14),m,m,m,m,4303,4207,4085,3953,3805,3697,3582,3521,3439,3327,3238,3195,3144,3106,3121,3107,3119,3120,3144,3162,3159,3186,3206,3232,3269,3310,3371,3404 At federal level,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,555,537,524,515,508,496,487,482,469,466,461,458,449,442,437,432,433,437,439,444,451,460,462 At Länder level,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,1805,1752,1736,1714,1675,1610,1588,1563,1553,1562,1568,1584,1583,1598,1607,1604,1614,1623,1637,1657,1673,1691,1707 At local government level,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,1066,1024,996,953,901,872,855,838,827,834,820,828,841,856,871,878,894,906,919,936,955,984,1002 Part-time staff in the public sector 14),m,m,m,m,1068,1069,1079,1116,1164,1212,1238,1288,1340,1343,1362,1381,1397,1399,1427,1479,1484,1498,1492,1490,1487,1504,1532,1571,1616,1658,1724,1802 At federal level,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,43,46,50,58,61,65,68,69,68,68,69,67,65,62,60,58,57,57,57,58,59,61,64 At Länder level,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,586,600,634,659,673,688,699,710,710,722,750,753,764,756,750,743,750,765,783,803,821,851,897 At local government level,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,m,506,512,517,527,510,502,503,504,504,516,536,540,545,550,557,561,570,581,599,621,642,673,700 Structural data,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros,Billions of euros Total public expenditure 15),m,m,379,585,951,963,922,933,951,961,975,993,1003,993,1002,1005,1018,1056,1113,1142,1167,1182,1204,1237,1273,1326,1368,1429,1497,1679,1762,1875 Federal Government,m,m,111,159,250,252,246,262,271,266,268,281,281,274,281,283,293,305,317,355,364,356,349,345,341,363,376,386,397,512,561,609 Länder governments,m,m,107,153,250,257,243,245,246,251,256,258,260,257,260,260,266,276,287,307,319,325,330,341,355,371,383,399,417,487,507,522 Local governments,m,m,74,107,174,171,144,143,144,146,148,150,150,150,153,157,162,168,178,191,195,197,205,215,228,242,248,260,277,293,303,326 Expenditure on staff,m,m,88,127,200,202,202,178,181,182,183,187,188,187,186,184,191,196,203,224,229,236,243,255,263,271,282,294,308,321,333,348 Federal Government,m,m,16,22,27,27,27,27,27,27,27,27,27,27,26,26,26,27,28,42,42,43,44,46,48,49,51,52,54,56,58,60 Länder governments,m,m,45,64,98,100,101,92,94,95,95,98,98,98,97,95,96,97,100,115,119,122,126,131,135,139,145,151,159,166,171,178 Local governments,m,m,22,33,54,54,53,39,39,40,39,40,41,40,41,41,41,42,44,49,51,53,55,58,61,63,66,69,73,76,80,86 Structural data,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros,Millions of euros Public expenditure on education 16),5805,14193,33910,41916,75944,77231,77270,77305,78776,79264,81576,84909,85666,85762,86716,89188,92362,93717,99925,106219,109978,112163,116951,121598,125743,132564,134897,141657,150533,164002,167412,176330 For schools 16),4138,8726,22866,27728,44495,45154,45312,45616,46306,46723,47876,49409,49583,50116,50197,51409,51917,52752,55743,59059,59944,58838,60157,61782,63928,67724,66388,70132,74186,79408,82032,87481 Länder governments,2596,5840,17268,22055,35379,36315,36687,36978,37565,37888,38476,39965,40149,40543,40476,40954,41228,42175,44305,46270,47418,48310,49468,50566,51677,52385,54229,56284,59786,61979,65141,68199 Local governments,1616,2872,5578,5668,9115,8839,8624,8638,8740,8834,9309,9402,9391,9267,9078,9581,9750,10005,10408,11124,10542,10525,10687,11196,11090,11822,12136,13101,14376,15677,16296,17178 For higher education 16)17),1667,3514,7155,10570,16228,16684,16591,16573,16984,17243,17879,18779,18809,18132,18417,19374,19304,20235,21456,22527,23809,24680,26702,27943,28675,29843,30501,30618,32134,33187,33859,35423 Federal Government,141,504,663,1014,1770,1757,1748,1758,1897,1936,2080,2128,2134,1827,1843,1893,2128,2412,2764,3224,3826,3977,4907,4967,5030,5491,5794,5261,5371,4705,4688,4918 Länder governments,829,3003,6492,9556,14458,14927,14843,14815,15087,15306,15800,16651,16675,16305,16573,17481,17176,17823,18693,19303,19983,20703,21794,22976,23644,24352,24707,25356,26763,28482,29171,30505 Tax revenue in cash terms,35100,78000,186579,281040,415839,409318,407638,425812,453116,467413,446284,441714,442221,442973,452380,488531,538170,561427,524079,530673,573372,600214,619515,643496,673525,705712,734695,776379,799390,739992,831843,894340 Federal Government,18711,42742,90776,133873,187170,173024,169228,174599,192447,198790,193766,192050,191943,186950,190177,203893,229713,239579,227996,225811,247984,256303,259866,270746,281608,289018,309361,322359,329052,283115,313667,337209 Länder governments,10978,25811,64154,97793,159880,167815,167721,175952,184003,189493,178690,178552,177618,179888,180457,195116,213591,221522,207119,210052,224291,236344,244206,254276,267939,288674,298414,314058,324517,316331,355088,384495 Local governments,4378,9326,26229,38155,48335,48310,49356,53649,56381,57297,54096,52552,51735,56495,60036,67381,72616,77245,68463,70443,76633,81251,84342,87488,93040,98747,105237,111374,114899,107755,124865,134018 Gross domestic product 18),154770,360600,788520,1306680,1894610,1921380,1961150,2014420,2059480,2109090,2172540,2198120,2211570,2262520,2288310,2385080,2499550,2546490,2445730,2564400,2693560,2745310,2811350,2927430,3026180,3134740,3267160,3365450,3474110,3403730,3617450,3876810 Structural data,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros,Euros Total public expenditure per inhabitant 2),m,m,6150,9184,11618,11737,11234,11369,11578,11680,11832,12027,12157,12038,12158,12209,12376,12877,13607,13974,14523,14682,14910,15230,15488,16070,16521,17207,18005,20187,21173,22232 Public expenditure on education per inhabitant 2),103,233,551,663,930,943,942,942,960,964,991,1029,1038,1040,1052,1083,1123,1141,1220,1299,1369,1393,1448,1498,1530,1606,1629,1706,1810,1972,2011,2090 Tax revenue in cash terms per inhabitant 2),627,1279,3026,4410,5083,4991,4968,5190,5515,5682,5413,5352,5358,5369,5488,5935,6546,6846,6407,6491,7138,7454,7670,7925,8196,8552,8874,9352,9612,8899,9994,10602 Gross domestic product per inhabitant 19),2792,5945,12808,20658,23302,23585,24060,24733,25294,25892,26651,26945,27120,27776,28134,29383,30862,31530,30388,31942,33554,34135,34860,36149,37046,38067,39527,40594,41810,40929,43481,46264 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "Source: Federal Employment Agency (special evaluation, Sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigte nach Staatsangehörigkeiten und Geschlecht, Arbeitslosigkeit im Zeitverlauf); Federal Statistical Office (GENESIS-Online database, diverse Statistische Berichte, Regional Accounts VGRdL - Lange Reihen ab 1925, diverse Fachserien, Bildungsfinanzbericht, Statistisches Jahrbuch); Institute for Employment Research, Qualifikationsspezifische Arbeitslosenquoten; Working group ""Regional Accounts"", ""Reihe 1, Länderergebnisse Band 1""",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Notes:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "1) Until 1990, former West Germany.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "2) Until 2010, population data are based on past censuses. As of 2011, results of the population census (Bevölkerungsfortschreibung) are based on 2011 Census.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "3) From 2013 to 2015, figures on children with foreign nationality are artificially inflated due to methodological reasons.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "4) From 2008 to 2011, data are of limited comparability because of corrections in the register of residents. Due to methodological changes 2016 data are of limited comparability with the previous years; furthermore, over-coverage or under-coverage of the registration data on asylum seekers is possible.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "5) Findings of the Microcensus. As of 2005, annual averages. As of 2011, calculated with data of the population census (Bevölkerungsfortschreibung) that is based on 2011 Census, comparability with the previous years is limited. As of 2017, population in private household without collective living quarters. As of 2020, findings of the 2020 Microcensus, comparability with the previous years is limited.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "6) Results of counts of employed persons registered with the Federaly Employment Office. As of 1980, figures from statistics on employment covered by social security; as of 1999, revised data of the employment statistics; annual averages. As of 1996, survey reference day for each year is 30 June.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "7) As of 2007, revised data due to a revision of the unemployment statistics.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "8) Up to and including 2008, data are from the Institute for Employment Research. As of 2009, data are from the Federal Employment Agency. As of 2009, data are revised due to a revision of the unemployment statistics.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9) Until 2016: sum of university degree and university of applied sciences degree.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10) Referring to the total civilian labour force (excluding apprentices) of the same qualification.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "11) According to calculations of the Institute for Employment Research. The figures differ from the unemployment statistics of the Federal Employment Agency because different basic values have been used. Referring to the total civilian labour force. As of 2011, revised data for employed persons based on 2011 Census. As of 2020: data not available due to methodical reasons.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "12) General schools and vocational schools. As of 2013, the school part of the entrance qualification for universities of applied sciences is counted to the intermediate school certificate.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13) Staff in main professions only.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14) Findings of the statistics on public service personnel. Survey reference day for each year is 30 June. Including social insurance and the Federal Employment Agency; as of 2005, including company health insurance funds.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15) Including social insurance and EU shares. As of 1997, excluding hospitals and teaching hospitals which keep commercial accounts. Due to the new budgetary system, as of 2002, limited comparability with the previous years only. Until 2009, findings of the financial statistics (Rechnungsstatistik), as of 2010, quarterly cash results with extended group of respondents.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 16) Basic funds excluding expenditure on pensions. From 2012 to 2022: preliminary ACTUAL.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "17) Until 1997, including teaching hospitals which keep commercial accounts. As of 1998, expenditure including teaching hospitals, not including DFG and special research programmes.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "18) Annual findings of the German Regional Accounts. Pursuant to the European System of Accounts (ESA) 2010, 2019 revision (the results were calculated back to 1995). Date of calculations: August 2023.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19) Inhabitants data in the regional accounts are annual averages. Until 2010, population data are based on past censuses. As of 2011, population data are based on 2011 Census.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, m = data not available.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "Results of the ICE-BMBF's ICE-Database of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (ICE = Information, Controlling, Entscheidung)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "A system of the German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies (DZHW), http://www.dzhw.eu/en/index_html",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "Last update: February 21, 2024",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,