1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
Country | Number per one million inhabitants | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Belgium | 421 | 863 | 928 | 956 | 1,008 | 1,032 | 1,032 | 1,062 | 1,102 | 1,176 | 1,227 | 1,304 | 1,326 | 1,413 | 1,504 | 1,570 | 1,655 | 1,715 | 1,897 | 1,972 | 2,026 | 2,067 | 2,083 | 2,174 | 2,283 | 2,524 | 2,724 |
Bulgaria | 186 | 188 | 202 | 201 | 198 | 195 | 193 | 201 | 202 | 215 | 231 | 230 | 300 | 306 | 314 | 286 | 295 | 310 | 308 | 305 | 312 | 331 | 376 | 337 | 361 | 415 | 456 |
Denmark | 1,285 | 1,312 | 1,412 | 1,494 | 1,498 | 1,543 | 1,558 | 1,540 | 1,616 | 1,679 | 1,740 | 1,809 | 1,873 | 1,976 | 2,074 | 2,268 | 2,475 | 2,662 | 2,827 | 3,097 | 3,305 | 3,461 | 3,566 | 3,703 | 4,001 | 4,378 | 4,618 |
Germany | 694 | 745 | 796 | 838 | 858 | 863 | 862 | 870 | 878 | 911 | 952 | 977 | 1,005 | 1,052 | 1,100 | 1,142 | 1,183 | 1,226 | 1,299 | 1,318 | 1,340 | 1,367 | 1,397 | 1,424 | 1,508 | 1,639 | 1,767 |
Estonia | 268 | 348 | 357 | 403 | 438 | 407 | 452 | 448 | 484 | 544 | 588 | 630 | 771 | 820 | 924 | 1,077 | 1,122 | 1,153 | 1,322 | 1,438 | 1,367 | 1,541 | 1,510 | 1,600 | 1,838 | 1,908 | 2,155 |
Finland | 1,188 | 1,265 | 1,321 | 1,386 | 1,446 | 1,493 | 1,535 | 1,521 | 1,575 | 1,622 | 1,626 | 1,735 | 1,761 | 1,836 | 1,890 | 1,942 | 2,004 | 2,069 | 2,183 | 2,367 | 2,432 | 2,502 | 2,523 | 2,610 | 2,867 | 3,128 | 3,277 |
France | 756 | 786 | 816 | 846 | 854 | 851 | 833 | 834 | 843 | 856 | 885 | 911 | 925 | 996 | 1,021 | 1,033 | 1,046 | 1,066 | 1,105 | 1,117 | 1,128 | 1,171 | 1,175 | 1,188 | 1,234 | 1,341 | 1,384 |
Greece | 329 | 367 | 388 | 430 | 439 | 489 | 522 | 567 | 603 | 681 | 736 | 841 | 903 | 955 | 986 | 989 | 999 | 1,003 | 1,018 | 1,024 | 1,024 | 1,051 | 1,062 | 1,109 | 1,227 | 1,402 | 1,604 |
Ireland | 600 | 640 | 698 | 747 | 741 | 773 | 779 | 807 | 849 | 963 | 1,047 | 1,137 | 1,200 | 1,349 | 1,458 | 1,591 | 1,661 | 1,644 | 1,728 | 1,759 | 1,780 | 1,865 | 1,925 | 2,067 | 2,238 | 2,579 | 2,829 |
Italy | 479 | 516 | 538 | 556 | 570 | 592 | 613 | 630 | 681 | 706 | 731 | 764 | 811 | 858 | 894 | 912 | 940 | 984 | 1,090 | 1,092 | 1,139 | 1,193 | 1,213 | 1,274 | 1,385 | 1,710 | 1,840 |
Croatia | 221 | 241 | 230 | 259 | 272 | 300 | 301 | 326 | 356 | 380 | 426 | 451 | 572 | 692 | 776 | 823 | 921 | 891 | 847 | 820 | 822 | 900 | 923 | 1,028 | 1,121 | 1,246 | 1,508 |
Latvia | 124 | 117 | 140 | 150 | 158 | 144 | 147 | 156 | 136 | 152 | 146 | 136 | 170 | 198 | 193 | 188 | 286 | 287 | 309 | 333 | 384 | 417 | 436 | 473 | 585 | 680 | 804 |
Lithuania | 88 | 92 | 105 | 122 | 141 | 138 | 152 | 183 | 200 | 251 | 278 | 355 | 553 | 600 | 588 | 590 | 717 | 689 | 686 | 753 | 786 | 837 | 845 | 930 | 1,101 | 1,242 | 1,359 |
Luxembourg | 157 | 157 | 207 | 212 | 177 | 254 | 258 | 285 | 290 | 395 | 406 | 508 | 554 | 753 | 934 | 1,097 | 1,306 | 1,377 | 1,694 | 1,949 | 1,963 | 2,086 | 2,020 | 2,304 | 2,476 | 2,693 | 3,047 |
Malta | 227 | 150 | 197 | 151 | 182 | 108 | 130 | 157 | 198 | 130 | 186 | 187 | 240 | 325 | 290 | 332 | 377 | 488 | 598 | 625 | 758 | 774 | 860 | 1,020 | 1,019 | 1,114 | 1,368 |
Netherlands | 1,160 | 1,214 | 1,236 | 1,263 | 1,253 | 1,278 | 1,261 | 1,314 | 1,366 | 1,424 | 1,532 | 1,592 | 1,654 | 1,754 | 1,889 | 2,010 | 2,074 | 2,202 | 2,313 | 2,364 | 2,434 | 2,500 | 2,524 | 2,617 | 2,799 | 3,034 | 3,210 |
Austria | 714 | 777 | 858 | 885 | 933 | 953 | 1,017 | 1,018 | 1,078 | 1,119 | 1,133 | 1,158 | 1,236 | 1,319 | 1,370 | 1,463 | 1,549 | 1,595 | 1,710 | 1,771 | 1,834 | 1,906 | 1,956 | 2,017 | 2,190 | 2,456 | 2,675 |
Poland | 201 | 207 | 217 | 227 | 247 | 264 | 295 | 305 | 339 | 367 | 371 | 404 | 433 | 494 | 506 | 524 | 544 | 586 | 622 | 669 | 725 | 764 | 765 | 812 | 890 | 1,048 | 1,159 |
Portugal | 174 | 197 | 225 | 248 | 305 | 329 | 358 | 399 | 441 | 494 | 522 | 637 | 627 | 747 | 836 | 914 | 1,025 | 1,152 | 1,277 | 1,330 | 1,405 | 1,478 | 1,506 | 1,574 | 1,773 | 2,054 | 2,264 |
Romania | 56 | 69 | 79 | 72 | 79 | 87 | 89 | 100 | 103 | 109 | 119 | 139 | 191 | 254 | 304 | 328 | 322 | 334 | 414 | 376 | 409 | 409 | 404 | 419 | 488 | 519 | 613 |
Sweden | 1,547 | 1,623 | 1,664 | 1,731 | 1,771 | 1,777 | 1,827 | 1,831 | 1,825 | 1,881 | 1,947 | 1,995 | 2,033 | 2,077 | 2,155 | 2,227 | 2,296 | 2,438 | 2,602 | 2,706 | 2,804 | 2,924 | 2,978 | 3,062 | 3,286 | 3,515 | 3,729 |
Slovak Republic | 389 | 395 | 391 | 408 | 389 | 375 | 379 | 375 | 377 | 430 | 392 | 459 | 506 | 545 | 532 | 555 | 571 | 584 | 610 | 663 | 649 | 688 | 725 | 728 | 809 | 960 | 1,045 |
Slovenia | 417 | 469 | 550 | 569 | 693 | 827 | 812 | 856 | 943 | 930 | 1,078 | 1,106 | 1,370 | 1,607 | 1,628 | 1,679 | 1,828 | 1,886 | 1,950 | 1,920 | 1,965 | 1,973 | 1,914 | 2,019 | 2,202 | 2,459 | 2,810 |
Spain | 442 | 484 | 528 | 559 | 589 | 596 | 619 | 650 | 663 | 701 | 746 | 800 | 859 | 931 | 996 | 1,049 | 1,128 | 1,191 | 1,229 | 1,273 | 1,285 | 1,327 | 1,340 | 1,392 | 1,516 | 1,746 | 1,863 |
Czech Republic | 340 | 381 | 402 | 401 | 427 | 440 | 460 | 495 | 524 | 579 | 594 | 670 | 729 | 798 | 838 | 902 | 932 | 992 | 1,050 | 1,159 | 1,210 | 1,262 | 1,304 | 1,341 | 1,464 | 1,618 | 1,782 |
Hungary | 319 | 333 | 364 | 390 | 399 | 426 | 430 | 436 | 464 | 461 | 503 | 519 | 531 | 588 | 571 | 541 | 598 | 633 | 663 | 707 | 729 | 751 | 766 | 804 | 877 | 955 | 1,056 |
Cyprus | 144 | 136 | 189 | 189 | 192 | 199 | 193 | 243 | 227 | 277 | 301 | 337 | 389 | 478 | 597 | 695 | 729 | 831 | 957 | 934 | 1,019 | 1,162 | 1,332 | 1,368 | 1,549 | 1,979 | 2,262 |
EU average
1) | 583 | 608 | 628 | 650 | 662 | 674 | 673 | 681 | 700 | 722 | 748 | 781 | 812 | 860 | 890 | 912 | 941 | 969 | 1,023 | 1,036 | 1,059 | 1,078 | 1,089 | 1,115 | 1,193 | 1,307 | 1,400 |
China | 11 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 31 | 38 | 46 | 56 | 66 | 73 | 83 | 96 | 105 | 122 | 141 | 165 | 190 | 212 | 235 | 258 | 291 | 351 | 399 | 445 |
Japan | 490 | 521 | 536 | 564 | 582 | 596 | 589 | 598 | 614 | 618 | 616 | 618 | 610 | 616 | 613 | 605 | 612 | 616 | 632 | 627 | 623 | 637 | 655 | 672 | 700 | 774 | 820 |
Korea | 132 | 161 | 195 | 233 | 271 | 298 | 344 | 374 | 438 | 512 | 555 | 602 | 616 | 709 | 777 | 850 | 927 | 1,008 | 1,052 | 1,106 | 1,159 | 1,207 | 1,203 | 1,227 | 1,317 | 1,466 | 1,586 |
Switzerland | 1,675 | 1,755 | 1,859 | 1,967 | 2,042 | 2,077 | 1,992 | 2,023 | 2,148 | 2,283 | 2,344 | 2,530 | 2,601 | 2,728 | 2,872 | 2,995 | 3,190 | 3,371 | 3,530 | 3,615 | 3,762 | 4,066 | 4,119 | 4,075 | 4,281 | 4,693 | 4,995 |
United Kingdom | 1,245 | 1,262 | 1,269 | 1,309 | 1,332 | 1,376 | 1,323 | 1,309 | 1,333 | 1,362 | 1,399 | 1,461 | 1,512 | 1,541 | 1,586 | 1,628 | 1,663 | 1,706 | 1,781 | 1,796 | 1,891 | 1,934 | 1,996 | 2,030 | 2,179 | 2,446 | 2,537 |
United States | 1,033 | 1,014 | 994 | 999 | 989 | 994 | 975 | 979 | 1,004 | 1,032 | 1,056 | 1,081 | 1,092 | 1,132 | 1,149 | 1,168 | 1,187 | 1,201 | 1,237 | 1,269 | 1,302 | 1,301 | 1,336 | 1,339 | 1,411 | 1,554 | 1,553 |
Source: Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ("Data base: Science Citation Index, OECD and World Bank", calculations)
Notes:
1) Adjusted for double counts. The category EU average represents those countries that were members of the EU in the respective year of reference (as of 2020, EU countries does not include United Kingdom).
Last update: January 16, 2023